The Geode of Pulpí
Espagne
Date de soumission : 17/03/2025
Critères: (vii)(viii)
Catégorie :
Naturel
Soumis par :
Ministry of Culture
Ministry of Culture
État, province ou région :
Almería, Pulpí
Almería, Pulpí
Coordonnées N37 22 55.94 W1 42 05.40
Ref.: 6810
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Description
The Giant Geode of Pulpí is located inside the Mina Rica, located on the eastern slope of the Sierra del Aguilón, in the villaje of Pilar de Jaravía, in the municipality of Pulpí (Almería, Spain). The Mina Rica is located within a NE-SW zone band with dextral movement, affected by a NNE-SSW fault system with a sinistral component. The mine has numerous elements of geological interest such as shear zones, folds, folding structures, fault surfaces, various episodes of mineral ore formation with their associated alterations and paleo-karstification phenomena.
In addition, after the mining activities, recent processes occur in its galleries such as the neoformation of gypsum beards and speleothems of epsomite and other sulfates, which increases the geological value of the mine. In terms of mineralogical heritage, the mine features extraordinarily large gypsum crystals (some of which measure almost two meters in length) that are notable for their transparency, purity, and perfection. Among the minerals found in the mine, noteworthy are the acicular celestine crystals, either included in gypsum or not, as well as crystals of barite, bournonite and siderite, among others. Moreover, some minerals have luminescent properties, transporting visitors to a fascinating world when illuminated, with sparkles full of nuances that provide a wide range of light. Therefore, this site represents a collection of great scientific, monumental, and natural value, which also hosts an extraordinary geological treasure of global significance: the Giant Geode of Pulpí.
Mining extraction began in the mid-nineteenth century with surface open-pit exploitations that focused on iron oxides and hydroxides. As the mining activities progressed deeper, the ore composition shifted from oxides to iron carbonates, which later required a transition from open-pit mining to underground mining around 1873. The extraction of iron ore was carried out until the end of the 1950s of the twentieth century, at which time the extraction of lead sulfide with a high silver content (argentiferous galena) began.
The mine was abandoned at the end of the 1960s and was forgotten until, in December 1999, the Mineralogist Group of Madrid discovered the Giant Geode of Pulpí, a unique natural wonder in the world. The existence of the Geode was later communicated to the University of Almería, the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME-CSIC), and the Provincial Delegation of the Ministry of the Environment of the Junta de Andalucía. The news of the discovery made headlines in newspapers both regionally and nationally. Given the threat of poliation, the Junta de Andalucía, together with the Pulpí Town Hall, decided to undertake mine enclosure works to ensure the integrity and conservation of the Geode.
For this purpose, a Monitoring Committee was urgently created to assess the discovery and carry out a series of preliminary and immediate actions. The studies concluded that the Geode could not be visited physically, but it could be observed from its narrow entrance passage, as long as the appropriate protection measures are maintained.
On August 5, 2019, after the rehabilitation of the galleries and the construction of structural elements that facilitated and ensured access to the lower levels, the mine was opened to the public so that everyone could visit the mine and watch the Geode. Since then, it has become a geoturistic, cultural, and monumental attraction that attracts visitors from all over the world. For the definition of the protection boundaries, those contained in Decree 11/2022, of 15 February, BOJA, Bullletin of Junta de Andalucía, declaring the Geode of Pulpí and Mina Rica del Pilar del Pilar de Jaravía in the province of Almería a Natural Monument of Andalusia.
Geology and genesis of the Geode
The Pulpí Geode is located inside the alpujárrides carbonate materials (dolomites) of the Cordilleras Béticas (Baetic Mountains Ranges). These Triassic dolomites rise in the landscape as crest in the Sierra del Aguilón and constitute the rock that hosts the economically significant mineralizations. Along with these dolomitic materials, Paleozoic phyllites with brilliant bluish-grey colours emerge in tectonic contact. The Geode is between the 3rd and 4th level of the Mina Rica, in the “Por Si Acaso” sector, one of the deepest levels of the mine. The Geode is an ovoid cavity of 10.7 m³ and measures 8 meters in length, 1.7 meters in heigh, and 1.8 meters in width, covered with enormous gypsum crystals, representing an extraordinary example of unique geological heritage on a global scale.
The veins and mineralized masses of the Aguilón are related to the events derived from the Miocene volcanism that took place with the evolution of the Baetic Mountains in the province of Almería, which generated emblematic deposits such as Sierra Almagrera (Pb-Ag) and Herrerías (Fe-Ba). During these processes, sulfides, sulfosalts, barite, siderite, and ankerite were depositd, which were later altered to Fe/iron oxides. The large gypsum crystals of the Geode were formed in the later phases of this entire mineralization process. The size and perfection of the crystals in the Geode reveal that they crystallized very slowly and under extremely stable and longlasting physicochemical conditions over a long period of time. Currently, the oldest dating of the crystals of the Geode is close to 165,000 years, but it is not ruled out at all that the crystallization process began much earlier.
The great Geode was therefore formed below the groundwater level in an ancient aquifer, with lowtemperature thermal fluids flooding it for tens of thousands of years. The study of the fluid inclusions (small bubbles of liquid and gas trapped in the crystals) have shown that the water that formed the geode was possibly a mixture of meteoric rainwater and hydrothermal water from the aquifer, a complex blending that resulted in one of the great wonders of world geology.
The growth of the large crystals of the Geode is a result of the Ostwald ripening process, whereby the small crystals are dissolved and calcium sulfate precipitates back onto the larger crystals, leading to the formation of mega crystals over time. This phenomenon is driven by the difference in solubility between small and large crystals, with the smaller ones being more soluble than the larger ones. As such, the smaller crystals dissolve more easily, with the dissolved molecules incorporating into the larger crystals, progressively increasing their size. Ostwald ripening is an essential process in the formation of highquality crystals, making them larger and more stable.
After the formation of the large cavity through the karstification of carbonate rock, dissolved calcium sulfate in the water precipitated into salts, gradually causing the large gypsum crystals to grow. These crystals, with a pinacoidal habit and perfect edges and faces, appear twinned with each other. Fluid inclusions have provided valuable information about the physicochemical conditions during the gypsum crystallization process.
Most of the crystals in the Geode are oriented toward its centre. However, at the base of the Geode, on the floor, large prismatic crystals grew, reaching almost two meters in length.
The Mine
This deposit was one of the iron ore exploitations in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula that were active at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. This mine displayed some mineralogical peculiarities, including a sulfide mineralization that provided new productive possibilities, enabling the extraction of silver-bearing lead in the second half of the twentieth century. Thus, the area of Jaravía became one of the most important mining districts in Spain until the Civil War, even promoting the development of the railway. The closure of the Mina Rica in the mid-twentieth century led to economic and demographic decline, similar to what occurred in the rest of the mining regions of the area and across Spain.
In the less stable sections, miners built incredible vaulted galleries using iron ore blocks from the mine and plaster to bind them. In some of its galleries, the compressed air conduits used to power jackhammers and other extraction equipment can still be found.
The iron ore was extracted from bottom to top (raising exploitation method), following the general structure of the deposit, which is vertical. The miners left pillars, monteras, and rock columns, beams, and props to maintain the stability of the mine.
The remnants of mining activity are abundant throughout the galleries, some of which are quite beautiful with solid brick and masonry vaults, wooden shoring, ore bins, etc. After the abandonment of the mining exploitation, its fame in the world of mineral collectors increased, not without reason, because its mineral wealth and variety continued to be highly significant and appreciated by mineralogists. In addition to gypsum, the interior of the mine contains a remarkable mineralogical variety.
Other sulfates appear, such as celestine (strontium sulfate), accompanying the gypsum in the form of fine acicular crystals; barite (barium sulfate) filling cavities and fractures; siderite and ankereite (iron carbonates), the main mineral of the exploitation, with reddish and orange metallic luster galena in its argentiferous variety (lead and silver sulfides); in addition to bournonite (a complex lead and copper sulfide), marcasite, sphalerite, and pyrite as primary minerals. As secondary minerals, goethite (iron hydroxide) stands out, the main mineral in the early open-pit operations, whose earthy masses form limonite, providing yellowish and ochre colours. Also notable is epsomite (magnesium sulfate), which appears covering the walls of the galleries. There are other minerals forming salt efflorescences in the galleries yet to be identified, which display a striking coloration under UV light. A unique mineral environment that has attracted mineralogists from all over the world to these mines.
At first, after the discovery of the Giant Geode, the possibility of creating direct access to it was considered, but this option was rejected after understanding that the Geode could not be separated from its geological context. The Mina Rica provides an extraordinary variety of minerals and rocks. For this reason, a large mine recovery project was undertaken, which mainly involved the following aspects:
- Safety in the facilities against rockfalls and collapses, with the reinforcement of the existing shoring and the incorporation of new ones. In order to improve accessibility, one meter of sediment was removed from the galleries to allow visitors to walk upright, removing about 700 metric tonnes of mud and debris from the main gallery.
- The different levels of mining exploitation were connected by unsafe wooden ladders, which have been replaced by others with straight and spiral sections, overcoming elevation differences of more than 60 meters. A very complex metal installation, as it had to be built inside. At the same time, a large emergency staircase was installed, connecting the interior with the exterior. The last and significant contribution is an elevator for the exclusive use of people with reduced mobility. The final actions before opening to tourism involved turning the mine into a museum, leaving objects and installations in their original locations, such as “El Polvorín” (munitions dump) and the chapel dedicated to Saint Barbara. Informational panels support guided tours conducted by specialized staff knowledgeable about the mine and group dynamics.
In addition, after the mining activities, recent processes occur in its galleries such as the neoformation of gypsum beards and speleothems of epsomite and other sulfates, which increases the geological value of the mine. In terms of mineralogical heritage, the mine features extraordinarily large gypsum crystals (some of which measure almost two meters in length) that are notable for their transparency, purity, and perfection. Among the minerals found in the mine, noteworthy are the acicular celestine crystals, either included in gypsum or not, as well as crystals of barite, bournonite and siderite, among others. Moreover, some minerals have luminescent properties, transporting visitors to a fascinating world when illuminated, with sparkles full of nuances that provide a wide range of light. Therefore, this site represents a collection of great scientific, monumental, and natural value, which also hosts an extraordinary geological treasure of global significance: the Giant Geode of Pulpí.
Mining extraction began in the mid-nineteenth century with surface open-pit exploitations that focused on iron oxides and hydroxides. As the mining activities progressed deeper, the ore composition shifted from oxides to iron carbonates, which later required a transition from open-pit mining to underground mining around 1873. The extraction of iron ore was carried out until the end of the 1950s of the twentieth century, at which time the extraction of lead sulfide with a high silver content (argentiferous galena) began.
The mine was abandoned at the end of the 1960s and was forgotten until, in December 1999, the Mineralogist Group of Madrid discovered the Giant Geode of Pulpí, a unique natural wonder in the world. The existence of the Geode was later communicated to the University of Almería, the Geological and Mining Institute of Spain (IGME-CSIC), and the Provincial Delegation of the Ministry of the Environment of the Junta de Andalucía. The news of the discovery made headlines in newspapers both regionally and nationally. Given the threat of poliation, the Junta de Andalucía, together with the Pulpí Town Hall, decided to undertake mine enclosure works to ensure the integrity and conservation of the Geode.
For this purpose, a Monitoring Committee was urgently created to assess the discovery and carry out a series of preliminary and immediate actions. The studies concluded that the Geode could not be visited physically, but it could be observed from its narrow entrance passage, as long as the appropriate protection measures are maintained.
On August 5, 2019, after the rehabilitation of the galleries and the construction of structural elements that facilitated and ensured access to the lower levels, the mine was opened to the public so that everyone could visit the mine and watch the Geode. Since then, it has become a geoturistic, cultural, and monumental attraction that attracts visitors from all over the world. For the definition of the protection boundaries, those contained in Decree 11/2022, of 15 February, BOJA, Bullletin of Junta de Andalucía, declaring the Geode of Pulpí and Mina Rica del Pilar del Pilar de Jaravía in the province of Almería a Natural Monument of Andalusia.
Geology and genesis of the Geode
The Pulpí Geode is located inside the alpujárrides carbonate materials (dolomites) of the Cordilleras Béticas (Baetic Mountains Ranges). These Triassic dolomites rise in the landscape as crest in the Sierra del Aguilón and constitute the rock that hosts the economically significant mineralizations. Along with these dolomitic materials, Paleozoic phyllites with brilliant bluish-grey colours emerge in tectonic contact. The Geode is between the 3rd and 4th level of the Mina Rica, in the “Por Si Acaso” sector, one of the deepest levels of the mine. The Geode is an ovoid cavity of 10.7 m³ and measures 8 meters in length, 1.7 meters in heigh, and 1.8 meters in width, covered with enormous gypsum crystals, representing an extraordinary example of unique geological heritage on a global scale.
The veins and mineralized masses of the Aguilón are related to the events derived from the Miocene volcanism that took place with the evolution of the Baetic Mountains in the province of Almería, which generated emblematic deposits such as Sierra Almagrera (Pb-Ag) and Herrerías (Fe-Ba). During these processes, sulfides, sulfosalts, barite, siderite, and ankerite were depositd, which were later altered to Fe/iron oxides. The large gypsum crystals of the Geode were formed in the later phases of this entire mineralization process. The size and perfection of the crystals in the Geode reveal that they crystallized very slowly and under extremely stable and longlasting physicochemical conditions over a long period of time. Currently, the oldest dating of the crystals of the Geode is close to 165,000 years, but it is not ruled out at all that the crystallization process began much earlier.
The great Geode was therefore formed below the groundwater level in an ancient aquifer, with lowtemperature thermal fluids flooding it for tens of thousands of years. The study of the fluid inclusions (small bubbles of liquid and gas trapped in the crystals) have shown that the water that formed the geode was possibly a mixture of meteoric rainwater and hydrothermal water from the aquifer, a complex blending that resulted in one of the great wonders of world geology.
The growth of the large crystals of the Geode is a result of the Ostwald ripening process, whereby the small crystals are dissolved and calcium sulfate precipitates back onto the larger crystals, leading to the formation of mega crystals over time. This phenomenon is driven by the difference in solubility between small and large crystals, with the smaller ones being more soluble than the larger ones. As such, the smaller crystals dissolve more easily, with the dissolved molecules incorporating into the larger crystals, progressively increasing their size. Ostwald ripening is an essential process in the formation of highquality crystals, making them larger and more stable.
After the formation of the large cavity through the karstification of carbonate rock, dissolved calcium sulfate in the water precipitated into salts, gradually causing the large gypsum crystals to grow. These crystals, with a pinacoidal habit and perfect edges and faces, appear twinned with each other. Fluid inclusions have provided valuable information about the physicochemical conditions during the gypsum crystallization process.
Most of the crystals in the Geode are oriented toward its centre. However, at the base of the Geode, on the floor, large prismatic crystals grew, reaching almost two meters in length.
The Mine
This deposit was one of the iron ore exploitations in the south-east of the Iberian Peninsula that were active at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century. This mine displayed some mineralogical peculiarities, including a sulfide mineralization that provided new productive possibilities, enabling the extraction of silver-bearing lead in the second half of the twentieth century. Thus, the area of Jaravía became one of the most important mining districts in Spain until the Civil War, even promoting the development of the railway. The closure of the Mina Rica in the mid-twentieth century led to economic and demographic decline, similar to what occurred in the rest of the mining regions of the area and across Spain.
In the less stable sections, miners built incredible vaulted galleries using iron ore blocks from the mine and plaster to bind them. In some of its galleries, the compressed air conduits used to power jackhammers and other extraction equipment can still be found.
The iron ore was extracted from bottom to top (raising exploitation method), following the general structure of the deposit, which is vertical. The miners left pillars, monteras, and rock columns, beams, and props to maintain the stability of the mine.
The remnants of mining activity are abundant throughout the galleries, some of which are quite beautiful with solid brick and masonry vaults, wooden shoring, ore bins, etc. After the abandonment of the mining exploitation, its fame in the world of mineral collectors increased, not without reason, because its mineral wealth and variety continued to be highly significant and appreciated by mineralogists. In addition to gypsum, the interior of the mine contains a remarkable mineralogical variety.
Other sulfates appear, such as celestine (strontium sulfate), accompanying the gypsum in the form of fine acicular crystals; barite (barium sulfate) filling cavities and fractures; siderite and ankereite (iron carbonates), the main mineral of the exploitation, with reddish and orange metallic luster galena in its argentiferous variety (lead and silver sulfides); in addition to bournonite (a complex lead and copper sulfide), marcasite, sphalerite, and pyrite as primary minerals. As secondary minerals, goethite (iron hydroxide) stands out, the main mineral in the early open-pit operations, whose earthy masses form limonite, providing yellowish and ochre colours. Also notable is epsomite (magnesium sulfate), which appears covering the walls of the galleries. There are other minerals forming salt efflorescences in the galleries yet to be identified, which display a striking coloration under UV light. A unique mineral environment that has attracted mineralogists from all over the world to these mines.
At first, after the discovery of the Giant Geode, the possibility of creating direct access to it was considered, but this option was rejected after understanding that the Geode could not be separated from its geological context. The Mina Rica provides an extraordinary variety of minerals and rocks. For this reason, a large mine recovery project was undertaken, which mainly involved the following aspects:
- Safety in the facilities against rockfalls and collapses, with the reinforcement of the existing shoring and the incorporation of new ones. In order to improve accessibility, one meter of sediment was removed from the galleries to allow visitors to walk upright, removing about 700 metric tonnes of mud and debris from the main gallery.
- The different levels of mining exploitation were connected by unsafe wooden ladders, which have been replaced by others with straight and spiral sections, overcoming elevation differences of more than 60 meters. A very complex metal installation, as it had to be built inside. At the same time, a large emergency staircase was installed, connecting the interior with the exterior. The last and significant contribution is an elevator for the exclusive use of people with reduced mobility. The final actions before opening to tourism involved turning the mine into a museum, leaving objects and installations in their original locations, such as “El Polvorín” (munitions dump) and the chapel dedicated to Saint Barbara. Informational panels support guided tours conducted by specialized staff knowledgeable about the mine and group dynamics.
Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionnelle
Although the formation of geodes is a peculiar geological phenomenon that it is widespread across the world, it is common for these formations reach sizes in the range of centimeters or decimeters. It is much rarer for them to reach metric dimensions, but even in these cases, the crystals that cover the walls tend to be smaller in size. What is truly exceptional is that within a large geode, giant crystals are formed that exceed tens or even hundreds of kilograms, which is very rare in geological environments, since very specific and stable physico-chemical conditions must occur over a long period of time (tens of thousands of years). For this reason, the Giant Geode of Pulpí represents an extraordinary natural manifestation on a global scale.
People’s fascination with crystals is not a recent phenomenon. They play a very important role in wellbeing society and even in the history of philosophy and art. This attraction dates back to ancient times, as the collection and use of crystalline minerals by humans has been documented in Holocene deposits. In the Geode, it has been noted that visitors express a wide range of emotions. Other gypsum crystals from the interior of Mina Rica offer significant scientific interest from the perspective of comparative planetology in relation to Mars, since:
a) The mineralogical associations rich in sulfates and carbonates are similar to those found in certain areas of the Red Planet. Sulfates, particularly calcium sulfates and especially gypsum, are very abundant on Mars. There are already scientific articles that highlights this connection in relation to ongoing planetary missions.
b) It is not ruled out that there may be mineralogical associations with unique microbiological ecosystems, which could serve as models for the search for subsurface life on Mars. In this regard, inclusions of organic matter have been found in some gypsum crystals of the mine.
The Giant Geode of Pulpí is an excellent crystallography laboratory, where the easy access to these fascinating formations makes it possible to conduct scientific studies of the crystals. The Giant Geode of Pulpí has an Outstanding Universal Value, due to its dimensions, crystal size and their transparency, and it represents a unique geological spectacle that is accessible to everyone. The Mina Rica is a space where the geology, crystallography, and mineralogy of the geode provide a unique example of this type of geological structures on Earth.
Criterion (vii): The Giant Geode of Pulpí is an exceptional phenomenon of immense scientific value and outstanding aesthetic quality, the result of superlative natural phenomena. It has extraordinary natural beauty and aesthetic importance, which is internationally acclaimed. When illuminated, these crystals take the visitor to an astonishing world, with sparkles full of nuances that create a wide range of light due to the surprising transparency of the crystals. The formation of giant crystals requires very specific and stable geological and physicochemical conditions over extended periods of time, which represents extraordinary and rarely repeatable events. In the case of the Mina Rica geode, the purity and transparency of the crystals give the entire formation an extraordinary beauty. The crystallographic forms are perfect, which is also surprising and highly unusual. The exterior of Mina Rica presents a landscape duality where fertile areas coexist with mining tailings. These spaces form a landscape of high aesthetic, historical, and cultural value, providing an important habitat for rare and endangered species, which contributes significantly to the conservation of biodiversity.
Crietrion (viii): It can be said that the formation of the Geode has been the culmination of a series of successive geological processes that have occurred inside the Mina Rica, illustrating the episodic nature of the evolution of this geological singularity. In Mina Rica, we can study how the large gypsum crystals were formed and their temporal sequence, including the most recent process. The magnificent conditions of the galleries and mining explication chambers enable high-quality geological observations. Therefore, we can say that Mina Rica is a site of superlative value, since as a whole it is a natural laboratory for understanding how different mineral deposits are formed in the subsequent evolution of a collision orogen, such as the Baetic Mountains, being a global reference for these characteristics. It is also exceptional because it is considered the most well-known example of a geode and provides a perfect geomorphological expression of crystal formation. The unusual geological conditions that led to the formation of the giant crystals are associated with the creation of mineral deposits, and for this reason, these unique geological structures have been found in mining works. Normally, after the cessation of mining activity comes the consequent flooding of the workings when water stop being pumped. Fortunately, Mina Rica was a mining exploitation that, when abandoned, did not become flooded. This is due to its location on elevated terrain and arid climate, with most of the mining workings situated above the groundwater level, which means there is no need for a pumping system to maintain access to the Geode. The excellent access works completed in 2019 allows entry, circulation through the mine, and arrival at the Geode.
People’s fascination with crystals is not a recent phenomenon. They play a very important role in wellbeing society and even in the history of philosophy and art. This attraction dates back to ancient times, as the collection and use of crystalline minerals by humans has been documented in Holocene deposits. In the Geode, it has been noted that visitors express a wide range of emotions. Other gypsum crystals from the interior of Mina Rica offer significant scientific interest from the perspective of comparative planetology in relation to Mars, since:
a) The mineralogical associations rich in sulfates and carbonates are similar to those found in certain areas of the Red Planet. Sulfates, particularly calcium sulfates and especially gypsum, are very abundant on Mars. There are already scientific articles that highlights this connection in relation to ongoing planetary missions.
b) It is not ruled out that there may be mineralogical associations with unique microbiological ecosystems, which could serve as models for the search for subsurface life on Mars. In this regard, inclusions of organic matter have been found in some gypsum crystals of the mine.
The Giant Geode of Pulpí is an excellent crystallography laboratory, where the easy access to these fascinating formations makes it possible to conduct scientific studies of the crystals. The Giant Geode of Pulpí has an Outstanding Universal Value, due to its dimensions, crystal size and their transparency, and it represents a unique geological spectacle that is accessible to everyone. The Mina Rica is a space where the geology, crystallography, and mineralogy of the geode provide a unique example of this type of geological structures on Earth.
Criterion (vii): The Giant Geode of Pulpí is an exceptional phenomenon of immense scientific value and outstanding aesthetic quality, the result of superlative natural phenomena. It has extraordinary natural beauty and aesthetic importance, which is internationally acclaimed. When illuminated, these crystals take the visitor to an astonishing world, with sparkles full of nuances that create a wide range of light due to the surprising transparency of the crystals. The formation of giant crystals requires very specific and stable geological and physicochemical conditions over extended periods of time, which represents extraordinary and rarely repeatable events. In the case of the Mina Rica geode, the purity and transparency of the crystals give the entire formation an extraordinary beauty. The crystallographic forms are perfect, which is also surprising and highly unusual. The exterior of Mina Rica presents a landscape duality where fertile areas coexist with mining tailings. These spaces form a landscape of high aesthetic, historical, and cultural value, providing an important habitat for rare and endangered species, which contributes significantly to the conservation of biodiversity.
Crietrion (viii): It can be said that the formation of the Geode has been the culmination of a series of successive geological processes that have occurred inside the Mina Rica, illustrating the episodic nature of the evolution of this geological singularity. In Mina Rica, we can study how the large gypsum crystals were formed and their temporal sequence, including the most recent process. The magnificent conditions of the galleries and mining explication chambers enable high-quality geological observations. Therefore, we can say that Mina Rica is a site of superlative value, since as a whole it is a natural laboratory for understanding how different mineral deposits are formed in the subsequent evolution of a collision orogen, such as the Baetic Mountains, being a global reference for these characteristics. It is also exceptional because it is considered the most well-known example of a geode and provides a perfect geomorphological expression of crystal formation. The unusual geological conditions that led to the formation of the giant crystals are associated with the creation of mineral deposits, and for this reason, these unique geological structures have been found in mining works. Normally, after the cessation of mining activity comes the consequent flooding of the workings when water stop being pumped. Fortunately, Mina Rica was a mining exploitation that, when abandoned, did not become flooded. This is due to its location on elevated terrain and arid climate, with most of the mining workings situated above the groundwater level, which means there is no need for a pumping system to maintain access to the Geode. The excellent access works completed in 2019 allows entry, circulation through the mine, and arrival at the Geode.
Déclarations d’authenticité et/ou d’intégrité
The components of the property (within their boundaries) encompass all the elements necessary to demonstrate the natural beauty of the mining landscapes. It also contains the scientific evidence required to reconstruct the evolution of the various geological elements. The Geode has a buffer zone that will help ensure the integrity of the values related to Earth Sciences, including its mineralogical, geomorphological, hydrological, and tectonic features.
The challenges to the integrity of the site include human pressure, specifically from visitors. For this reason, many measures have been taken and are being implemented to address these issues. In the five years following the accidental discovery of the Geode, the site was not properly valued, and it was only when the scientific community conducted the first studies that the exceptional nature of the discovery and the need for its protection were recognized. As a result, a series of conservation measures were initiated, which were addressed by the Pulpí corporation and the regional administration.
For the successful management of the Pulpí Geode site, proposed for UNESCO Natural Heritage status, with a focus on sustainability and accessibility, two administrative and regulatory figures have been implemented: municipal planning and the designation of a Natural Monument with a mixed typology (geological and ecocultural), declared by the Junta de Andalucía in February 2022, within the Special Conservation Area of the Sierras de Almagrera, los Pinos, and el Aguilón. The declaration establishes a polygon with an impact perimeter of 1,405.57 meters and an area of 9.91 ha. The declaration of the Natural Monument led to its inclusion in the Inventario de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía and in the Registro de la Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía, created by Decree 95/2003, of April 8, which regulates the Network of Protected Natural Areas of Andalusia and its Register.
As cultural heritage, the mines of Pilar de Jaravía have been granted a sectorial heritage designation, having been declared a BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural) in 2004, along with 43 other properties belonging to the Industrial Heritage related to mining of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the province of Almería. It is also part of the material testimony of the transformation experienced by Almería society during that century. Previously, in February 2002, an urban planning agreement was formalised between the company La Mina de Jaravía, S.L. and the Pulpí Town Hall, which served as the basis for the agreement by which the transfer of an area of 129,968 m² to the Pulpí Town Hall was made. The site is properly managed, as it holds the designation of Natural Monument by the regional administration. This decree establishes rules and guidelines for the protection and use of the Geode of Pulpí, Mina Rica, and the surrounding area. It facilitates protection, conservation, restoration, and improvement, as well as ensuring sustainable use and its preservation. The established management model contributes to achieving the objectives of compatible use between conservation and geotourism enjoyment, since the exceptional conservation values and the frequent human presence are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The objectives are:
1. To maintain the structural, geological, mining, and cultural integrity and ensure the maintenance of the infrastructures of this space; maintain and improve the current socioeconomic use model, which continues to generate economic and social benefits for Pulpí and the surrounding region.
2. To promote research and study of Mina Rica for the conservation and enhancement of new visitor spaces.
3. To facilitate activities for information, interpretation, and environmental education, with systems for monitoring and controlling the safety and conservation status of the geological and mining values of the area.
4. To maintain environmental stability inside the Geode to prevent any disturbances. Also, ensure the necessary atmospheric conditions, such as CO2 levels, temperature, and relative humidity, to prevent alterations to the gypsum crystals. Access to the mine is strictly controlled, and after over 300,000 visitors have passed through the Geode since its opening to the public, it can be affirmed that the geological values have not been affected, and the current visiting conditions are perfectly compatible with the good state of conservation of the gypsum crystals.
The exterior and some parts of the mine have been subjected to construction and other forms of human intervention. The main construction was carried out after the discovery of the Geode to facilitate research and public visits. The infrastructure includes walkways, stairs, an elevator, shoring and supports for the mine's walls and ceiling, and electric lighting. Through restrictions, careful design, and the use of appropriate materials, damage to the overall integrity has been prevented and is being avoided. Scientific research in many fields is an essential part of the conservation approach, while also providing valuable information for site management. The management is completed with specific agreements with Tecminsa (security and management), the University of Almería, and the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) of Granada. Additionally, there are strong international networks to support research and management. The significant investments have mainly come from the Pulpí Town Hall and the Provincial Council of Almería. As for the responsibilities of this site, they are shared between the following entities: the Territorial Mining Service of Almería, the General Directorate of the Environment of the Junta de Andalucía, and the Town Hall of Pulpí.
The challenges to the integrity of the site include human pressure, specifically from visitors. For this reason, many measures have been taken and are being implemented to address these issues. In the five years following the accidental discovery of the Geode, the site was not properly valued, and it was only when the scientific community conducted the first studies that the exceptional nature of the discovery and the need for its protection were recognized. As a result, a series of conservation measures were initiated, which were addressed by the Pulpí corporation and the regional administration.
For the successful management of the Pulpí Geode site, proposed for UNESCO Natural Heritage status, with a focus on sustainability and accessibility, two administrative and regulatory figures have been implemented: municipal planning and the designation of a Natural Monument with a mixed typology (geological and ecocultural), declared by the Junta de Andalucía in February 2022, within the Special Conservation Area of the Sierras de Almagrera, los Pinos, and el Aguilón. The declaration establishes a polygon with an impact perimeter of 1,405.57 meters and an area of 9.91 ha. The declaration of the Natural Monument led to its inclusion in the Inventario de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía and in the Registro de la Red de Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía, created by Decree 95/2003, of April 8, which regulates the Network of Protected Natural Areas of Andalusia and its Register.
As cultural heritage, the mines of Pilar de Jaravía have been granted a sectorial heritage designation, having been declared a BIC (Bien de Interés Cultural) in 2004, along with 43 other properties belonging to the Industrial Heritage related to mining of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the province of Almería. It is also part of the material testimony of the transformation experienced by Almería society during that century. Previously, in February 2002, an urban planning agreement was formalised between the company La Mina de Jaravía, S.L. and the Pulpí Town Hall, which served as the basis for the agreement by which the transfer of an area of 129,968 m² to the Pulpí Town Hall was made. The site is properly managed, as it holds the designation of Natural Monument by the regional administration. This decree establishes rules and guidelines for the protection and use of the Geode of Pulpí, Mina Rica, and the surrounding area. It facilitates protection, conservation, restoration, and improvement, as well as ensuring sustainable use and its preservation. The established management model contributes to achieving the objectives of compatible use between conservation and geotourism enjoyment, since the exceptional conservation values and the frequent human presence are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The objectives are:
1. To maintain the structural, geological, mining, and cultural integrity and ensure the maintenance of the infrastructures of this space; maintain and improve the current socioeconomic use model, which continues to generate economic and social benefits for Pulpí and the surrounding region.
2. To promote research and study of Mina Rica for the conservation and enhancement of new visitor spaces.
3. To facilitate activities for information, interpretation, and environmental education, with systems for monitoring and controlling the safety and conservation status of the geological and mining values of the area.
4. To maintain environmental stability inside the Geode to prevent any disturbances. Also, ensure the necessary atmospheric conditions, such as CO2 levels, temperature, and relative humidity, to prevent alterations to the gypsum crystals. Access to the mine is strictly controlled, and after over 300,000 visitors have passed through the Geode since its opening to the public, it can be affirmed that the geological values have not been affected, and the current visiting conditions are perfectly compatible with the good state of conservation of the gypsum crystals.
The exterior and some parts of the mine have been subjected to construction and other forms of human intervention. The main construction was carried out after the discovery of the Geode to facilitate research and public visits. The infrastructure includes walkways, stairs, an elevator, shoring and supports for the mine's walls and ceiling, and electric lighting. Through restrictions, careful design, and the use of appropriate materials, damage to the overall integrity has been prevented and is being avoided. Scientific research in many fields is an essential part of the conservation approach, while also providing valuable information for site management. The management is completed with specific agreements with Tecminsa (security and management), the University of Almería, and the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) of Granada. Additionally, there are strong international networks to support research and management. The significant investments have mainly come from the Pulpí Town Hall and the Provincial Council of Almería. As for the responsibilities of this site, they are shared between the following entities: the Territorial Mining Service of Almería, the General Directorate of the Environment of the Junta de Andalucía, and the Town Hall of Pulpí.
Comparaison avec d’autres biens similaires
The exceptional nature of the proposal presented makes it very difficult to compare it with other similar sites. However, the two places most similar to the Geoda of Pulpí are the Cueva de los Cristales de Naica (Mexico) and the Mina del Teniente (Chile). Neither of them is yet listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The gypsum geode of Mina Rica in Pulpí (Almería), along with the Cueva de los Cristales (Naica, Mexico) or El Teniente (Chile), are three global sites where gypsum crystals appear to defy the laws of Nature due to their extraordinary size. All of them are exceptional and out of the ordinary, but the geode of Mina Rica is the only one accessible to anyone who wishes to experience something unique.The ease of access to the geode of Mina Rica, not only for research but also for observation, makes it a unique space worldwide where thousands of people can comfortably and accessibly contemplate an exceptional geological heritage. In the cases of Naica or El Teniente, these are active mines and access to them is restricted. This uniqueness is what makes the Giant Geode of Pulpí exceptional, giving it an exceptional universal value, not only for its size but also for the shape and size of the crystals it contains. These are not isolated gypsum macrocrystals in a cavity, but an individualized geological structure of colossal size, entirely covered with enormous gypsum crystals. Another feature that distinguishes the Geode of Pulpí is the transparency of its crystals, which, unlike those of Naica or El Teniente, are extraordinarily transparent.
Alongside the Giant Geode of Pulpí, there are other remarkable gypsum formations of smaller size distributed throughout the geological depositgeological butthem contain inclusions of various minerals (celestine, limonite, siderite, bornite, etc.), while others contain inclusions of organic matter, being another singularity of this extraordinary deposit. Another key difference compared to Naica or El Teniente is not geological but related to accessibility. In the case of Naica or El Teniente, the access is technically very difficult and, therefore, limited to a very small and selective number of visitors.