Shokhimardon Mountains
OuzbékistanNational Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UNESCO
Fergana region
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Description
The High Alai is the watershed of the rivers of the Fergana and Alai valleys. It is located in the south-west of Kyrgyzstan and in the north-east of central Tajikistan, in the Pamir-Alai mountain system. In the west, the valley of the Soh River separates High Alai from the Matcha (Matcha mountain zone); the eastern border of this area runs along the Isfairamsai River.
Shokhimardon is located in the northern large slope of the Alay ridge in the medium mountain zones of the name river basin. The urban-type village of Shokhimardon is located 55 kilometres from Fergana. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it is surrounded by Kyrgyz territory and is located at an altitude of 1550 metres. Shokhimardon has the purest mountain air and is washed on both sides by the two rivers Ok-su and Kok-su, which eventually join to form one big river Shokhimardon -sai. Highest points of exclave are summits Almalik 2841 m, Chivirgan 2465 m, and Qizil-Gaza 2568 m. On the western side of Shokhimardon village located Kozdibel mountains.
Justification de la Valeur Universelle Exceptionnelle
The north-eastern spurs of the Alai Range, where the Shokhimardon exclave is located, are extended and accompanied by advanced chains and ridges. They belong to the Hercynian folding zone and the history of their geological development is similar to the geological history of the southern part of the Tien Shan. They are formed by thick strata of limestones and shales of Silurian, Devonian and limestones of the Lower and Middle Carboniferous periods
The ridges of the Alai system are composed of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the Palaeozoic with inclusion of large intrusive bodies (granites, diorites). At the northern foothills of the Alai Ridge there are strongly dissected loess foothills – “adyrs”. The present-day relief of the ridges is the result of the latest uplifts that took place in the Neogene and Quaternary periods. Recent studies have shown that in the northern leading chains of the Alai Range, the concept that the formation of mountain relief is largely due to tectonic deformations of the ancient levelled surface through the formation of broad and gentle folds (longitudinal vault-like swellings) – “folds of large radius” - is applicable. Movements along longitudinal faults are also undoubted. Oligocene-Miocene, Pliocene and ancient Anthropogenic sediments form an orogenic complex of continental molasses, fulfilling foothill and intermountain troughs.
In the mountains of the northern spurs of the Alai system, the altitudinal zonality of landscapes is clearly manifested. Another important factor of landscape differentiation is the influence of slope exposure. The impact of exposure is also clearly visible in the Dugoba and Aksu valleys. Beautiful juniper forests grow on the northern slope, while the southern slope is extremely poor in vegetation, with bare rocks and rocky screes covered with dark desert tan. The third factor of landscape differentiation is the strengthening of continentality towards the east, which changes the spectrum of altitudinal zonality of landscapes.
The territory has rich and, in many respects, unique recreational potential. Aesthetic value of natural complexes has recognized long ago and it attracts many tourists. There are some large glaciers, huge mountain rivers and high-mountain lakes. Natural heritage is represented with the unique areas of nut forests - relicts of tertiary broad-leaved forests of Central Asia. A large amount of rare species of flora and fauna are preserved, some of which have been included in the Red book of Uzbekistan.
Criterion(vii): The Shokhimardon Mountains, located in the south-east of Uzbekistan, are an amazing natural phenomenon that harmonises breathtaking landscapes and rich biodiversity. These mountain formations mesmerise with their majesty and diversity of forms, creating unique canvases that change depending on the time of day and season. One can find green slopes covered with forests, peaks topped with snow caps and crystal clear mountain rivers that sparkle in the sun reflecting the surrounding beauty.
The aesthetic value of the Shokhimardon Mountains lies not only in their picturesque landscapes, but also in the rich cultural and historical heritage of the region. Local legends and lore surrounded by nature add depth and meaning to this scenic spot, attracting tourists and explorers from all over the world. The silence and tranquillity of the mountainous surroundings create the perfect conditions for meditation and self-reflection, allowing each visitor to experience a kind of oneness with nature.
In addition, the Shokhimardon Mountains play an important role in the ecosystem of the region, providing a habitat for many rare species of plants and animals. They serve as natural reservoirs of clean water and are a source of inspiration for artists, poets and literary figures. Thus, the natural beauty and aesthetic value of the Shokhimardon Mountains become not only an object of admiration, but also a symbol of sustainable development and environmental protection, which emphasises the importance of preserving such unique natural corners for future generations.
Criterion (ix): The Shokhimardon Mountains are a unique natural complex where the most important ecological and biological processes that determine the evolution of plants and animals are concentrated. This mountain system is characterised by a variety of natural conditions, including different climatic zones, which contribute to the formation of many ecosystems. Here one can observe both typical for the Central Asian region species of flora and fauna and rare endemics adapted to specific conditions of high mountains.
The process of adaptation of organisms to such diverse conditions is a vivid example of natural selection in action. In the Shokhimardon Mountains, plants and animals have developed unique survival strategies that allow them to co-exist in the face of a variable climate and limited resources. For example, some plant species have adapted to the harsh conditions of the high mountains by developing deep roots to find moisture and resistance to strong winds and temperature variations. Similarly, animals living in these mountains have developed special behavioural and physiological mechanisms to cope with extreme habitat conditions.
Thus, the Shokhimardon Mountains are not only an outstanding geographical site, but also an important laboratory for the study of ecological processes and biological evolution. The conservation of this region is of great importance not only for the local ecosystem but also for global biodiversity, as each species found here plays a unique role in maintaining the sustainability and balance of natural communities.
Criterion (x): The Shokhimardon Mountains, located on the territory of Uzbekistan, represent a unique ecological and biological habitat with significant value for the conservation of natural diversity. This mountain range, which is part of the Pamir-Himalayan system, is characterized by diverse landscapes, from arid foothills to high-altitude meadows and glaciers. This diversity of conditions has resulted in a rich and endemic flora and fauna. These mountain systems are home to many species of flora and fauna, some of which are endangered. Key features of this region are the diversity of ecosystems, from forests to alpine meadows, each supporting unique organisms. The importance of conserving these habitats in the context of biodiversity protection cannot be overemphasized, as it is the life cycles of species in their natural habitats that contribute to their resilience and adaptation to changing environmental conditions. The flora of the Shokhimardon Mountains includes more than 1500 plant species, many of which are endemics. Here one can find both typical alp-meadow species and relict plants preserved from the pre-glacial period. The richness of the flora is due to the diverse climatic zones, soil types and altitudinal belt. Fauna of the Shokhimardon Mountains also amazes with its diversity. There are rare and endangered species of animals such as snow leopard, brown bear, argali (mountain sheep) and many species of birds.
Déclarations d’authenticité et/ou d’intégrité
The biodiversity of the territory is preserved in completely invariable condition that is proved by integrity of landscapes and presence rare and vanishing species of flora and fauna. It is supposed to take under protection and nominate all the high zones to the World List of Natural Heritage, which will help to provide integrity of protected object.
Comparaison avec d’autres biens similaires
In general, it resembles in many respects the one in the south of the Western Tien Shan. The most significant difference is the absence of forests of Tien-Shan spruce here; only juniper grows among conifers.
The mountain ranges of Central Asia are characterized by their majestic peaks, diverse ecosystems, and significant geological features. Among these, the Shokhimardon Mountains, part of the Alai Ridge, and the Tien-Shan Mountains stand out for their unique characteristics, cultural significance, and ecological diversity.
The Shokhimardon Mountains, situated in the southwestern part of the Alai Ridge, are primarily composed of sedimentary rocks that have undergone significant tectonic activity. This region is marked by its relatively young geological age, resulting from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. The consequent uplift has led to the creation of rugged terrain characterized by steep slopes, deep valleys, and sharp ridges.
In contrast, the Tien-Shan Mountains, which span several countries including Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, showcase a more complex geological history. This range consists of various rock types, including metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary formations, reflecting its extensive geodynamic evolution over millions of years. The Tien-Shan’s mountains are significantly older than the Shokhimardon range, with some peaks dating back to the Palaeozoic era. The variety in geological compositions within the Tien-Shan contributes to its more intricate topography, featuring not only towering summits but also expansive plateaus and wide valleys.
Climatic conditions in both mountain ranges vary tremendously due to their geographical diversity and altitude. The Shokhimardon Mountains experience a continental climate, characterized by cold winters and mild summers. Precipitation in this region is moderate, generally falling as snow in the winter and rain during the summer months. The altitude plays a significant role in temperature variations; higher elevations tend to be much cooler year-round.
Conversely, the Tien-Shan Mountains exhibit a more varied climatic pattern owing to their larger expanse and elevation range. The northern slopes of the Tien-Shan generally receive more precipitation than the southern regions, leading to a disparity in vegetation and ecosystem types. The climate here ranges from arid in the lower valleys to frigid at the highest altitudes, creating distinct ecological zones that support diverse flora and fauna. This variability results in a rich tapestry of climatic conditions, from steppes to alpine meadows, and ultimately contributes to its biodiversity.
Both the Shokhimardon Mountains and the Tien-Shan Mountains boast an impressive range of biodiversity. The Shokhimardon region, though smaller, is home to a variety of endemic species due to its isolated geography. The forests in the low-lying areas consist predominantly of junipers, while higher altitudes feature alpine vegetation.
The Tien-Shan Mountains, on the other hand, are noted for their unparalleled biodiversity. This range is recognized as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, hosting over 3,500 plant species, many of which are endemic. Wildlife diversity is similarly rich, with mammals like the snow leopard and ibex, as well as numerous bird species inhabiting the varied ecological niches. Additionally, the Tien-Shan is home to large populations of migratory birds, which rely on the region's varied habitats during their seasonal journeys.
Culturally, both mountain ranges hold significant importance for the local populations. The Shokhimardon Mountains carry historical value for the Kyrgyz people and serve as a pivotal site for traditional pastoralism. Local communities engage in livestock grazing, which is a cornerstone of their livelihood and culture. The mountains also play a key role in folklore and traditional practices, symbolizing a connection between nature and cultural identity.
In conclusion, the Shokhimardon Mountains and the Tien-Shan Mountains each offer distinct geological, climatic, ecological, and cultural attributes that highlight the natural beauty and diversity of Central Asia. While the Shokhimardon Mountains are characterized by their geological youth and endemic species, the Tien-Shan Mountains present a more complex and ancient landscape with richer biodiversity and cultural significance. Both ranges are crucial not only for their natural resources and habitats but also for the people who inhabit them, underscoring the intrinsic connection between human civilizations and mountainous environments. As global attention increasingly turns toward environmental sustainability and conservation, understanding and preserving these mountain ranges is vital for future generations.