Glossaire

« Les systèmes de gestion sont décrits et définis dans les paragraphes 108 – 118 des Orientations.

Plus particulièrement, le paragraphe 108 stipule que « Chaque bien proposé pour inscription devrait avoir un plan de gestion adapté ou un autre système de gestion documenté qui devra spécifier la manière dont la valeur universelle exceptionnelle du bien devrait être préservée, de préférence par des moyens participatifs ».

En outre, le paragraphe 109 stipule que « Le but d’un système de gestion est d’assurer la protection efficace du bien proposé pour inscription pour les générations actuelles et futures ». Le paragraphe 110 fournit une définition globale des systèmes de gestion : « Un système de gestion efficace doit être conçu selon le type, les caractéristiques et les besoins du bien proposé pour inscription et son contexte culturel et naturel. Les systèmes de gestion peuvent varier selon différentes perspectives culturelles, les ressources disponibles et d’autres facteurs. Ils peuvent intégrer des pratiques traditionnelles, des instruments de planification urbaine ou régionale en vigueur, et d’autres mécanismes de contrôle de planification, formel et informel. Les évaluations d’impact des interventions proposées sont essentielles pour tous les biens du patrimoine mondial ».

Les plans de gestion peuvent avoir des formats et des modèles variés, il n’y a pas de critères formels répondant à un plan de gestion idéal. Le paragraphe 111 des Orientations fournit cependant certains éléments permettant un système de gestion efficace.

Une approche complète du processus des plans de gestion est disponible dans les manuels de référence du patrimoine mondial suivants :

• Gérer le patrimoine mondial culturel (UNESCO 2013) (Appendice A, p122ff).
• Gérer le patrimoine mondial culturel (UNESCO 2013, p.37).

Selon le manuel de référence Gérer le patrimoine mondial culturel, un système de gestion est un cadre composé de trois éléments importants : « un cadre juridique qui définit les raisons de son existence, une institution qui donne forme aux besoins organisationnels et à la prise de décisions, et des ressources (humaines, financières et intellectuelles) qui sont utilisées pour son fonctionnement » (Gérer le patrimoine mondial culturel, p. 54).

Ce tableau permet de présenter les données obtenues grâce à un système d’information géographique (SIG).

Un système d’information géographique (SIG) est une technologie informatique permettant de produire, organiser et analyser des données spatiales sous la forme de cartes. Un SIG permet la gestion de données, la modélisation, le traitement d’images, et comprend des outils d’analyse statistique. Ces fonctionnalités permettent à l’utilisateur de mettre en relation des données statistiques avec des caractéristiques topographiques et géographiques et des limites administratives. Un SIG permet d’accumuler, d’intégrer et d’incorporer à des fins d’analyse des données issues de différentes sources et collectées de plusieurs projets différents.

Source(s) : Les systèmes d'information géographiques pour la culture, UNESCO Bangkok (uniquement en anglais)

The definition of capacity-building identifies three broad areas where capacities reside – practitioners, institutions, and communities and networks – and this is the basis for identifying audiences to target for capacity-building initiatives. This is an approach which brings World Heritage in line with other sectors, for example, the UNDP and the health and food aid sector non-governmental organizations.

The following table connects the three target audiences to learning areas and needs; but there is inevitably substantial overlap.

Source(s): World Heritage Capacity Building Strategy (2011)

The first step a country must take is making an ‘inventory’ of its important natural and cultural heritage sites located within its boundaries. This ‘inventory’ is known as the Tentative List, and provides a forecast of the properties that a State Party may decide to submit for inscription in the next five to ten years and which may be updated at any time. It is an important step since the World Heritage Committee cannot consider a nomination for inscription on the World Heritage List unless the property has already been included on the State Party's Tentative List.

The first step that a country must take towards the inscription of properties under the Convention is to make an ‘inventory’ of important natural and cultural heritage properties located within its boundaries. One output of this ‘inventory’ is a draft list of potential World Heritage properties, known as a Tentative List, which provides a forecast of the properties that a State Party may decide to submit for inscription in the next five to ten years and which may be updated at any time. This is an important step because the World Heritage Committee cannot consider a nomination for inscription on the World Heritage List unless the property has already been included on the State Party’s Tentative List.

States Parties are encouraged to submit their Tentative Lists, properties which they consider to be cultural and/or natural heritage of outstanding universal value and therefore suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List.

States Parties are encouraged to prepare their Tentative Lists with the participation of a wide variety of stakeholders, including site managers, local and regional governments, local communities, NGOs and other interested parties and partners.

Source(s): Managing Natural World Heritage                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 

According to Article 65 of the Operational Guidelines, “States Parties are encouraged to re-examine and re-submit their Tentative List at least every ten years.”

Source(s): Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention

The Ramsar List is a list of ‘Wetlands of International Importance’ which have been designated by the Parties to the Ramsar Convention as internationally important according to one or more of the criteria that have been adopted by the Conference of the Parties.

Source(s): Glossary of Terms for Negotiators of Multilateral Environmental Agreements

ICOMOS thematic studies: The International Council on Monuments and Sites regularly conducts and publishes thematic studies in the context of the World Heritage Convention. An overview of the publications can be found here.

IUCN thematic studies: the International Union for the Conservation of Nature has undertaken a range of global and regional studies to support State Parties to the World Heritage Convention in the selection of potential sites.

• See IUCN thematic studies
• See also UNEP thematic studies on World Heritage.

Following the development of the Global Strategy for a credible, representative and balanced World Heritage List (1994), ICOMOS and IUCN published analyses on the World Heritage List and Tentative Lists on a regional, chronological, geographical and thematic basis. The scope of the analyses was to provide States Parties with a clear overview of the present situation, and likely trends in the short- to medium-term, with a view to identifying under-represented categories. The publications can be found here:

• Filling the gaps – an Action Plan for the futureby ICOMOS
• The World Heritage List: Future priorities for a credible and complete list of natural and mixed sites by IUCN
• UNESCO’s Global Strategy for a representative, balanced and credible World Heritage List
• World Heritage Resource Manual Preparing World Heritage Nominations (2nd edition, UNESCO 2011)

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wait for decision

Not yet drafted

Le Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture a été adopté par la Trente et unième réunion de la Conférence de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture, le 3 novembre 2001.

Le Traité vise à :

• reconnaître l'énorme contribution des agriculteurs à la diversité des cultures qui nourrissent le monde ;
• mettre en place un système mondial permettant de fournir un accès aux matériels phytogénétiques aux agriculteurs, aux sélectionneurs de végétaux et aux scientifiques ;
• s'assurer que les bénéficiaires partagent les avantages qu'ils tirent de l'utilisation de ces matériels génétiques avec les pays d'où ils proviennent.

Source(s) : http://www.fao.org/plant-treaty/overview/fr/

Transboundary sites may occur where the features of a site span international boundaries. Transboundary nominations are inscribed as a single property on the World Heritage List, and require joint nomination by the States Parties involved.”

According to the Operational Guidelines, paragraph 134 regarding transboundary properties, 'A nominated property may occur:

1. on the territory of a single State Party, or
2. on the territory of all concerned States Parties having adjacent borders (transboundary property).'

Source(s):

Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention

Assessing Marine World Heritage from an Ecosystem Perspective

Un site est transfrontalier lorsque ses composantes traversent des frontières internationales.

Un site transfrontalier est inscrit comme un seul site sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial, et nécessite une proposition d’inscription conjointe par les États parties impliqués.

Selon le paragraphe 134 des Orientations concernant les biens transfrontaliers :

« Un bien proposé pour inscription peut se trouver :

a) sur le territoire d’un seul État partie, ou
b) sur le territoire des États parties concernés ayant une frontière contigüe (bien transfrontalier) ».

Source(s) :

Orientations devant guider la mise en œuvre de la Convention du patrimoine mondial

Étudier le patrimoine mondial marin sous une perspective écosystémique (uniquement en anglais)

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Not yet drafted

L’Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) est une union de Membres composée de gouvernements et d’organisations de la société civile. Elle offre aux organisations publiques, privées et non-gouvernementales les connaissances et les outils nécessaires pour que le progrès humain, le développement économique et la conservation de la nature se réalisent en harmonie.

Créée en 1948, l’UICN s’est agrandie au fil des ans pour devenir le réseau environnemental le plus important et le plus diversifié au monde. Elle compte avec l’expérience, les ressources et le poids de ses 1300 organisations Membres et les compétences de plus de 13 000 experts. Elle fait aujourd’hui autorité au niveau international sur l’état de la nature et des ressources naturelles dans le monde et sur les mesures pour les préserver. Les experts de l'UICN se divisent en six Commissions, dédiées à la sauvegarde des espèces, au droit de l’environnement, aux aires protégées, aux politiques économiques et sociales, à la gestion des écosystèmes, et à l’éducation et la communication.

Source(s) : https://www.iucn.org/fr/a-propos

Les Membres appartenant à un même pays ou à une même région peuvent choisir de se regrouper sous la forme de Comités nationaux et régionaux afin de faciliter la coopération entre les Membres et les autres composantes de l’Union, et de soutenir la participation des Membres dans le Programme et la gouvernance de l’UICN.

Les Comités nationaux et régionaux de l’UICN peuvent prendre des formes très différentes. Alors que certains Comités de Membres travaillent ensemble pour mettre en œuvre des projets, d’autres servent essentiellement de moyens d’échange et de mise en réseau. Leur taille est variable, et certains disposent même de secrétariats.

Source(s) : https://www.iucn.org/fr/a-propos/union/membres/comit%C3%A9s-nationaux-et-r%C3%A9gionaux

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre manages the database of World Heritage properties with natural values.

In various regions of the world capacity building institutions dealing specifically with World Heritage have been established and granted the status of "category 2 centres under the auspices of UNESCO.

UNESCO Category II Centres (C2Cs) are organizations which operate under the auspices of UNESCO and are committed to engage in support of UNESCO’s strategic programme objectives.

They are funded directly by Member States where they are located. The C2Cs are difficult to characterize in general because they take on different structures. Some are regional in scope while others cover more than one region or are organized around a thematic issue. Many are involved in capacity building and research, while several are set up as foundations or funds to support those activities carried out by other organizations.

For more information please visit: https://whc.unesco.org/en/category2centres/.

Source(s):

https://whc.unesco.org/en/category2centres/

https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2011/whc11-35com-9Be.pdf

The UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme was conceived as a way to advance research, training and programme development in all of UNESCO’s fields of competence by building university networks and encouraging inter-university cooperation through the transfer of knowledge across borders. The programme is active in establishing new teaching programmes, generating new ideas through research and reflection, and facilitating the enrichment of existing university programmes while respecting cultural diversity.

Source(s): https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2011/whc11-35com-9Be.pdf

The Clubs, Centres and Associations for UNESCO are groups of volunteers of different ages and socio-professional status who become activists in the service of UNESCO’s ideals.

Established under the aegis of the National Commissions for UNESCO, these Clubs, Centres and Associations are grouped into national, regional and international networks, for the purpose of acting in UNESCO’s fields of competence at the grass root level.

Source(s): https://en.unesco.org/node/5999

Not yet drafted

All seven of UNESCO’s Cultural Conventions are intended to safeguard and nurture some aspect of culture and creativity, from tangible and intangible heritage, the diversity of cultural expressions and creative industries, to the fight against the illicit trafficking of cultural goods.

• 2005 Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions
• 2003 Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
• 2001 Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
• 1972 Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
• 1970 Fighting against the illicit trafficking of cultural property
• 1954 Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
• 1952, 1971 Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights

Firmly grounded in a human-rights based approach, these Conventions establish a range of governmental and international funding and cooperation mechanisms, as well as monitoring and evaluation tools. They promote capacity building programmes and other initiatives for the safeguard of culture (including natural heritage) and its integration in national and local development strategies.

Source(s): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/culture-and-development/the-future-we-want-the-role-of-culture/the-unesco-cultural-conventions

By compiling on the Internet the national laws of its Member States, UNESCO offers all stakeholders involved (Governments, customs officials, art dealers, organizations, lawyers, buyers and so forth) a complete and easily accessible source of information. In the event of a legal question about the origin of an object (which may have been stolen, pillaged, or illegally exported, imported or acquired), it is useful to have rapid access to the relevant national laws.

The UNESCO Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws allows the following to be consulted:

• national laws currently in force related to the protection of the cultural heritage in general
• import/export certificates for cultural property (available on request)
• official or unofficial translations of national laws and certificates
• contact details for the national authorities responsible for the protection of the cultural heritage
• addresses of the official national websites dedicated to the protection of the cultural heritage

The database offers access to national legislation relating to the cultural heritage in general, in other words the laws on the following main categories of heritage:

1. Cultural heritage:

tangible cultural heritage: immovable (monuments, archaeological sites), movable (paintings, coins, archaeological objects), underwater (shipwrecks, underwater cities) intangible cultural heritage: oral traditions, performing arts, rituals.

2. Natural heritage: natural sites, physical, biological or geological formations.

Source(s): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-property/unesco-database-of-national-cultural-heritage-laws/

In 1997, the Division of Earth Sciences at UNESCO introduced the idea of creating a UNESCO Geoparks Programme to protect heritage of international geological significance. In 2000, the European Geoparks Network (EGN) was established. Following a meeting in Paris, this was expanded to a Global Geoparks Network (GGN) in 2004, which was placed under the auspices of UNESCO.

According to Article 2.2 of the Operational Guidelines for UNESCO Global Geoparks,

“UNESCO Global Geoparks are single, unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection, education and sustainable development… UNESCO Global Geoparks use geological heritage, in connection with all other aspects of that area’s natural and cultural heritage, to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society in the context of the dynamic planet we all live on.”

For more information visit: http://www.unesco.org/geoparks/.

Source(s): http://www.unesco.org/geoparks/

An area which has applied to be designated UNESCO Global Geopark and has entered the official process of evaluation by UNESCO.

For more information visit the Global Geoparks webpage.

Source(s): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/earth-sciences/unesco-global-geoparks

UNESCO’s work with geoparks began in 2001. In 2004, 17 European and 8 Chinese geoparks came together at UNESCO headquarters in Paris to form the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) where national geological heritage initiatives contribute to and benefit from their membership of a global network of exchange and cooperation.

On 17 November 2015, the 195 Member States of UNESCO ratified the creation of a new label, the UNESCO Global Geoparks, during the 38th General Conference of the Organisation. This expresses governmental recognition of the importance of managing outstanding geological sites and landscapes in a holistic manner.

Source(s): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/earth-sciences/unesco-global-geoparks

Launched in 1971, UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an Intergovernmental Scientific Programme that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.

MAB combines the natural and social sciences, economics and education to improve human livelihoods and the equitable sharing of benefits, and to safeguard natural and managed ecosystems, thus promoting innovative approaches to economic development that are socially and culturally appropriate, and environmentally sustainable.

Find out more about the Man and the Biosphere Programme.

Source(s): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/

Not yet drafted

Not yet drafted

In 1994, the World Heritage Committee launched the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List. Its aim is to ensure that the List reflects the world's cultural and natural diversity of outstanding universal value.

By adopting the Global Strategy, the World Heritage Committee wanted to broaden the definition of World Heritage to better reflect the full spectrum of our world’s cultural and natural treasures and to provide a comprehensive framework and operational methodology for implementing the World Heritage Convention.

This new vision goes beyond the narrow definitions of heritage and strives to recognize and protect sites that are outstanding demonstrations of human coexistence with the land as well as human interactions, cultural coexistence, spirituality and creative expression.

Crucial to the Global Strategy are efforts to encourage countries to become States Parties to the Convention, to prepare Tentative Lists and to prepare nominations of properties from categories and regions currently not well-represented on the World Heritage List.

Source(s): https://whc.unesco.org/en/globalstrategy/

In relation to the nomination of sites for inscription on the World Heritage List, “Upstream processes” include advice, consultation and analysis that occur prior to the submission of a nomination and are aimed at reducing the number of nominations that experience significant problems during the evaluation process. The basic principle of the upstream processes is to enable the Advisory Bodies and the Secretariat to provide support directly to States Parties, throughout the whole process leading up to a possible World Heritage nomination. For the upstream support to be effective, it should ideally be undertaken from the earliest stage in the nomination process, at the moment of the preparation or revision of the States Parties’ Tentative Lists.

Source(s): Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention

La valeur universelle exceptionnelle, ou « VUE », est décrite dans les Orientations comme suit : « une importance culturelle et/ou naturelle tellement exceptionnelle qu’elle transcende les frontières nationales et qu’elle présente le même caractère inestimable pour les générations actuelles et futures de l’ensemble de l’humanité. A ce titre, la protection permanente de ce patrimoine est de la plus haute importance pour la communauté internationale toute entière » (paragraphe 49).

Source(s) : Orientations devant guider la mise en œuvre de la Convention du patrimoine mondial