State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 603 Housing 380 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 214 Ground transport infrastructure 200 Legal framework 151 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 114 Illegal activities 107 Management activities 105 Mining 87 Water infrastructure 73 Surface water pollution 71 Interpretative and visitation facilities 63 Oil and gas 58 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 57 Major linear utilities 53 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Forestry /wood production 42 Renewable energy facilities 41 Commercial development 40 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Land conversion 38 Financial resources 37 Storms 30 Solid waste 28 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 28 Underground transport infrastructure 26 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 25 Water (extraction) 24 Governance 23 Civil unrest 21 Earthquake 21 Fire (widlfires) 21 Invasive / alien freshwater species 21 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Water (rain/water table) 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 Non-renewable energy facilities 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Air pollution 13 Localised utilities 12 Pollution of marine waters 12 Crop production 12 Other climate change impacts 12 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 10 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 7 Industrial areas 6 Micro-organisms 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Relative humidity 3 Wind 3 War 3 Low impact research / monitoring activities 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1