State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 628 Housing 386 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 220 Ground transport infrastructure 203 Legal framework 164 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 110 Management activities 109 Illegal activities 104 Mining 97 Surface water pollution 89 Water infrastructure 81 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 65 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 61 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 51 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Financial resources 43 Commercial development 41 Renewable energy facilities 41 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Storms 36 Land conversion 35 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 32 Solid waste 31 Water (extraction) 29 Water (rain/water table) 27 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Earthquake 24 Invasive / alien freshwater species 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Governance 23 Human resources 23 Quarrying 21 Civil unrest 20 Fire (widlfires) 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 18 Input of excess energy 17 Crop production 17 Ground water pollution 16 Air pollution 15 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 14 Society's valuing of heritage 14 Localised utilities 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Relative humidity 12 Industrial areas 11 Air transport infrastructure 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Other climate change impacts 9 Micro-organisms 8 Commercial hunting 7 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Wind 4 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Temperature 3 War 3 Radiation/light 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Terrorism 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1