State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 606 Housing 376 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 215 Ground transport infrastructure 194 Legal framework 149 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 109 Management activities 105 Illegal activities 101 Mining 92 Surface water pollution 80 Water infrastructure 74 Interpretative and visitation facilities 64 Oil and gas 63 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 57 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 48 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Commercial development 40 Renewable energy facilities 39 Financial resources 39 Deliberate destruction of heritage 38 Land conversion 35 Storms 31 Solid waste 29 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 29 Water (extraction) 26 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Earthquake 22 Invasive / alien freshwater species 22 Water (rain/water table) 21 Governance 21 Civil unrest 20 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Crop production 14 Society's valuing of heritage 14 Air pollution 13 Localised utilities 12 Pollution of marine waters 12 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 9 Other climate change impacts 9 Industrial areas 8 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Relative humidity 5 Temperature change 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 4 Flooding 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1