State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 611 Housing 381 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 218 Ground transport infrastructure 195 Legal framework 152 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 109 Management activities 105 Illegal activities 102 Mining 94 Surface water pollution 84 Water infrastructure 76 Interpretative and visitation facilities 64 Oil and gas 64 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 58 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 49 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Commercial development 41 Renewable energy facilities 40 Financial resources 40 Deliberate destruction of heritage 38 Land conversion 35 Storms 32 Solid waste 29 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 29 Water (extraction) 27 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Earthquake 23 Invasive / alien freshwater species 23 Water (rain/water table) 22 Governance 21 Civil unrest 20 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 Crop production 15 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Society's valuing of heritage 14 Localised utilities 13 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 10 Industrial areas 9 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Other climate change impacts 9 Air transport infrastructure 8 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Relative humidity 6 Temperature change 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 4 Flooding 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1