State of Conservation
90
Reports
90
Properties concerned
59
States Parties with SOC reports
Property Category:Culturalclose
Date Start:
2014close
Date end:2014close
| States Parties: |
 Mauritius
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
 Egypt
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Management activities Management systems/ management plan Relative humidity Water (rain/water table) |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 China
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Syrian Arab Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Land conversion Management activities Management systems/ management plan War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Syrian Arab Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Illegal activities War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Syrian Arab Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Management activities Management systems/ management plan War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Syrian Arab Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Financial resources Housing Human resources Legal framework Management systems/ management plan War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Cambodia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Tunisia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Libya
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Crop production Deliberate destruction of heritage Governance Housing Interpretative and visitation facilities Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals Management activities Management systems/ management plan Surface water pollution |
| States Parties: |
 Iraq
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Flooding Management activities Management systems/ management plan Water infrastructure |
| Other Threats: | Fragile mud brick structures |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Oman
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Legal framework Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Deterioration of the earthen structures of the Fort |
| States Parties: |
 State of Palestine
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Management activities Management systems/ management plan Water (rain/water table) |
| Other Threats: | Urgent and necessary consolidation works required (roofing, ...) |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Peru
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community Illegal activities Management systems/ management plan Water (rain/water table) |
| Other Threats: | Continuous deterioration of earthen architecture structures and decorated surfaces from lack of conservation and maintenance practices |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Chile
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Commercial development Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan Mining Surface water pollution |
| Other Threats: | Instability and risk of collapse of the Cerro Rico; Deficiencies in conservation: special attention required for the restoration and upgrading of structures with residential use and the archaeological industrial heritage |
| States Parties: |
 Ecuador
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Management activities Management systems/ management plan Underground transport infrastructure |
| States Parties: |
 Dominican Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Earthquake Housing Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Interpretative and visitation facilities Land conversion Legal framework Management systems/ management plan Storms Underground transport infrastructure |
| States Parties: |
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Commercial development Mining |
| States Parties: |
 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Flooding Management systems/ management plan Water (rain/water table) |
| Other Threats: | a) Serious deterioration of materials and structure; b) Deterioration of the architectural and urban coherence and integrity of the property |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Syrian Arab Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Land conversion Management activities Management systems/ management plan Quarrying War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Russian Federation
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Legal framework Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Lack of monitoring |
| States Parties: |
 Afghanistan
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Civil unrest Ground transport infrastructure Illegal activities |
| Other Threats: | Risk of imminent collapse of the Giant Buddha niches; Irreversible deterioration of the mural paintings |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Indonesia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system Governance Housing Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Lithuania Russian Federation
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Erosion and siltation/ deposition Ground transport infrastructure Oil and gas |
| States Parties: |
 Pakistan
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Financial resources Housing Land conversion Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Panama
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Erosion and siltation/ deposition Housing Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Land conversion Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Fragile state of the property and accelerated degradation by environmental factors and the lack of maintenance |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Sudan
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Flooding Ground transport infrastructure Housing Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management systems/ management plan Wind |
| States Parties: |
 Georgia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Management activities |
| Other Threats: | General need for interior and exterior conservation work on the monuments |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Barbados
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
 Niger
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Need to describe in a unified and practical form the indicators for monitoring the property and the results of their application |
| States Parties: |
 Belgium
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing |
| Other Threats: | Gradual erosion of the attributes that convey the Outstanding Universal Value and consequently threaten the integrity of the property with regards to its overall coherence and originality. |
| States Parties: |
 Mexico
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Ground transport infrastructure Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Need to initiate a process for the recovery of the urban and social fabric of the property |
| States Parties: |
Russian Federation
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
China
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Commercial development Deliberate destruction of heritage Ground transport infrastructure Housing Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Suriname
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Need to implement urgent measurements in Inner City to address decay and erosion of the attributes of the property. |
| States Parties: |
 Uruguay
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
Chile
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Commercial development Housing Legal framework Management systems/ management plan Marine transport infrastructure |
| States Parties: |
 Yemen
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Housing Land conversion Management systems/ management plan |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Peru
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Ground transport infrastructure Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
Russian Federation
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Ground transport infrastructure Housing Legal framework Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
Georgia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Erosion and siltation/ deposition Land conversion Management activities |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Chile
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan Wind |
| Other Threats: | a) Extremely fragile nature of the industrial buildings that were constructed using local materials such as timber for frames, corrugated iron sheets for roofs and some walls, in addition to stucco and lightweight construction; b) Lack of maintenance over the past 40 years; c) Corrosion of metal cladding and dismantlement of some of the structural elements. A few buildings such as the Leaching House are liable to structural collapse if no support is given; d) Very little conservation work carried out |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Mozambique
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Financial resources Housing Human resources Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management activities Management systems/ management plan Solid waste |
| Other Threats: | Growing number of collapsed or seriously dilapidated buildings |
| States Parties: |
 Senegal
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Management activities Management systems/ management plan Water (rain/water table) |
| States Parties: |
Russian Federation
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Land conversion Management activities Management systems/ management plan Marine transport infrastructure |
| States Parties: |
 Morocco
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Ukraine
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Kenya
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Management systems/ management plan Marine transport infrastructure Solid waste |
| Other Threats: | Deterioration of dwellings |
| States Parties: |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Commercial development Housing Interpretative and visitation facilities Management systems/ management plan |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Ethiopia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Erosion and siltation/ deposition Housing Industrial areas Land conversion |
| States Parties: |
 Nepal
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Air pollution Housing Industrial areas Interpretative and visitation facilities Legal framework Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 India
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses |
| States Parties: |
 Iran (Islamic Republic of)
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Kazakhstan
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Construction of a new mosque |
| States Parties: |
 Serbia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Civil unrest Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Unsatisfactory state of conservation and maintenance of the property |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Afghanistan
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Civil unrest Erosion and siltation/ deposition Flooding High impact research / monitoring activities Illegal activities Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Inclination of the Minaret |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 France
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Earthquake Fishing/collecting aquatic resources Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Interpretative and visitation facilities Storms |
| States Parties: |
 Haiti
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Earthquake Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure Ground transport infrastructure Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management systems/ management plan Water (rain/water table) |
| States Parties: |
 Montenegro
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Ground transport infrastructure Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Quarrying |
| States Parties: |
 Croatia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure |
| States Parties: | Jerusalem (Site proposed by Jordan) |
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure Governance High impact research / monitoring activities Housing Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Natural risk factors; Deterioration of monuments |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Yemen
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Land conversion Management activities |
| Other Threats: | Functional decay of the residential neighborhoods |
| States Parties: |
 Sri Lanka
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Illegal activities Management systems/ management plan Marine transport infrastructure |
| States Parties: |
 Mali
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Land conversion Management systems/ management plan Solid waste War |
| Other Threats: | Deterioration of dwellings |
| States Parties: |
 Nigeria
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Fire (widlfires) Ground transport infrastructure Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Surface water pollution |
| States Parties: |
 Lebanon
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Illegal activities Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Land conversion Legal framework Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Colombia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
Mexico
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
Sri Lanka
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add,WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add.Corr |
| Threats*: | Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Management systems/ management plan Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses |
| Other Threats: | Continued deterioration of the paintings; New Buddha statue introduced at the entrance to the property |
| States Parties: |
 Philippines
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Threats*: | Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system Financial resources Human resources Illegal activities Legal framework Management activities Management systems/ management plan Society's valuing of heritage |
| States Parties: |
Ethiopia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Legal framework Management activities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Benin
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
 United Republic of Tanzania
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Iraq
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A |
| Threats*: | Management systems/ management plan War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Indonesia
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Interpretative and visitation facilities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
Syrian Arab Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Illegal activities Management systems/ management plan War |
| Other Threats: | serious weathering of many stone blocks |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
United Republic of Tanzania
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Financial resources Housing Human resources Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Legal framework Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure Management systems/ management plan |
| Other Threats: | Environmental pressures in relation with the Malindi port project; Natural disasters and lack of risk-preparedness |
| States Parties: |
China
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Housing |
| States Parties: |
Mali
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Management systems/ management plan War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Governance Legal framework Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
Mali
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Management systems/ management plan War |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
 Uganda
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7A.Add |
| Threats*: | Management activities |
| Danger List: | Yes |
| States Parties: |
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B |
| Threats*: | Housing Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| States Parties: |
Lao People's Democratic Republic
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Ground transport infrastructure Housing Human resources Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Interpretative and visitation facilities Management systems/ management plan |
| States Parties: |
 Italy
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Erosion and siltation/ deposition Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Marine transport infrastructure Water infrastructure |
| States Parties: |
 Azerbaijan
|
| Year: | 2014 |
| Document Source: | WHC-14/38.COM/7B.Add |
| Threats*: | Deliberate destruction of heritage Housing Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation Management systems/ management plan |
States Parties
Afghanistan Azerbaijan Barbados Belgium Benin Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Cambodia Chile China Colombia Croatia Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Ethiopia France Georgia Haiti India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Italy Kazakhstan Kenya Lao People's Democratic Republic Lebanon Libya Lithuania Mali Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nepal Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Panama Peru Philippines Russian Federation Senegal Serbia Sri Lanka State of Palestine Sudan Suriname Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia Uganda Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Republic of Tanzania Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) YemenThreats
Management systems/ management plan 66 Housing 43 Management activities 24 Legal framework 18 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 13 Land conversion 12 Ground transport infrastructure 11 War 10 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 9 Deliberate destruction of heritage 9 Illegal activities 8 Interpretative and visitation facilities 7 Water (rain/water table) 6 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 6 Commercial development 5 Marine transport infrastructure 5 Financial resources 5 Human resources 5 Flooding 4 Governance 4 Solid waste 3 Surface water pollution 3 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 3 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 3 Civil unrest 3 Earthquake 3 Industrial areas 2 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 2 Underground transport infrastructure 2 Water infrastructure 2 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 2 Mining 2 Quarrying 2 Wind 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Storms 2 High impact research / monitoring activities 2 Air pollution 1 Crop production 1 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 1 Oil and gas 1 Relative humidity 1 Society's valuing of heritage 1 Fire (widlfires) 1
* :
The threats indicated are listed in alphabetical order; their order does not constitute a classification according to the importance of their impact on the property.
Furthermore, they are presented irrespective of the type of threat faced by the property, i.e. with specific and proven imminent danger (“ascertained danger”) or with threats which could have deleterious effects on the property’s Outstanding Universal Value (“potential danger”).
** : All mission reports are not always available electronically.
