Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Dacia
Ministry of Culture
Mehedinți, Caraș-Severin, Timiș, Arad, Hunedoara, Alba, Cluj, Sălaj, Bistrița-Năsăud, Mureș, Harghita, Covasna, Brașov, Argeș, Teleorman, Vâlcea, Dolj, Olt counties
Disclaimer
The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.
The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.
Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party
Description
The structure of the limes consisted of a complex system of towers, earthworks, walls, small fortifications, the forts behind the limes being usually placed at a distance of ca. 5 km from it, the related civil settlements and non-Roman structures. In front the earthen ramparts it was not identified insofar a ditch. Forts are similar, garrisons to mixed infantry and cavalry troops, most likely built by them. Here and there the earthen ramparts are clearly visible, almost on the original height, the limes specificities being best preserved in the Moigrad area (Porolissum).
All over Romania, circa 100 forts, 50 small fortifications and more than 150 towers are known, although their number must have been much larger. Furthermore, there are also other structures part of the border system, of the most important counting the man-made barriers, generally composed of earthen ramparts, but also of stone walls. Of the forts, only four-five may be visited and are accessible to the public, however not the same applies to any rampart part, wall or tower. In most places, the limes is no longer visible, hence it is difficult to identify. Topographically, the limes is partially protected, none of its elements being found in urban areas.
Nevertheless, only a small part belongs to the public property, thus many sectors are endangered especially because of the farming works. In most cases, the stone was used in the construction of villages, churches and medieval castles in the area. Most limes portions from northern Dacia lie in forested areas, hence affected by forestry. Ancient roads and paths cross many times the limes line.
Based on stamped tile finds, we suppose that the towers too, even the limes, were built by the fort garrisons, although the archaeological material is scarce. The layout of the towers is either rectangular or circular, they are built either of stone or timber, some, being researched in the 70’ies. In some areas, a man-made line was found, generally formed of earth ramparts, here and there with small stone walls. On the other hand, the rampart was not archaeologically investigated, but by a trench or two, its structure being unclear. Stone walls were identified only nearby Porolissum. In passes and vulnerable areas, small fortifications were built, attached to the limes wall where it was identified, but it lay at a somewhat distance from the earthen rampart, similarly to the towers. Still in passes were built also the earthen ramparts, although in recent years a stone wall and earth ramparts were reported on plateaus, not only in passes. The towers seem to sketch a line, however, in fact, they are set in a network, being located in depth or in front according to the land configuration, obviously, for communication purposes.
The specificities of the northern border are found only here and there in the other border areas of Dacia, however arguments are extremely few. In eastern Transylvania, the border must have been similar, nearby the forts line being identified here and there towers, but for now, without a man-made defence line, smaller fortifications not being discovered. By the exit from the mountains, southwards, the border was set on the Olt line, flowing into the Danube, characterised by small forts and fortifications. For short time spans, likely under Hadrian, then starting with Caracalla, a man-made 235 km long line was used, from the Danube to the mountains (Bran gorge), made up of an earthen rampart, lying at a variable distance of 10-50 km east the Olt. Unfortunately, the border is poorly preserved today. At 10-50 m behind the rampart were identified timber watch towers. Behind this line lay 12 fortifications, of which four double, located at a small distance from it. The route of the western border is unclear, watch towers not being identified south the fort at Bologa, with one exception. That is why the limes route is only supposed on the line of the fortifications from the extreme west of the province, which in fact corresponds approximately to the main axis of Dacia, the imperial road from Drobeta to Porolissum.
Thus we note at least seven different types of limes:
- Banat – from the Danube upwards – imperial road monitored by auxiliary forts – up to Micia. It is possible that in the Banat Plain had existed man-made earth barriers, however, this is not certain yet.
- the Apuseni Mountains – only one burgus and the settlements in the gold mining area are known.
- Bologa-Tihău – hill area – complex limes – towers, rampart, wall, forts, small fortifications.
- Tihău-Livezile – similar to the preceding, earthen rampart or stone wall unidentified.
- Livezile-Brețcu (Olt) – mountain area – forts, towers, rampart reported in one area (Câmpu Cetății, 10 km east the fort at Călugăreni and 11 km north Sărățeni).
- the Olt line surveilled by smaller or larger forts.
- Limes Transalutanus – a proper limes similar with that in Britannia and Germania – man-made earthen rampart surveilled by small and medium-sized forts.
Small part of the limes is visible, although it was not yet fully researched. The man-made line of towers and sometimes stone walls from Transylvania survived best, on a distance of approximately 350 km, especially in the northern, north-western sectors of ca. 50-60 km, generally in state property, due to its location on hilltops and in forests. The situation of the forts behind these defence lines is partially clarified. In only ca. 20% of the cases the land is in state property, therefore safe from the dangers of the inherent agriculture practice. Nevertheless, only the proper forts are in general object of this public property, related settlements being further in private property. In fact, they are nowhere clearly delimited.
Bistrița Năsăud COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Monor |
Monor |
1 |
Dealul Braniște |
wachtower |
477824.314 602230.332 |
2 |
Șieu |
Șieu |
1 |
Dealul Zburătorilor |
wachtower |
470572.762 609144.302 |
3 |
Șieu |
Șieu |
2 |
La Braniște |
wachtower |
468830.407 611517.531 |
4 |
Mărișelu |
Domnești |
1 |
Tabla Pietroasa |
fortlet |
460048.257 615408.651 |
5 |
Budacu de Jos |
Budacu de Jos |
1 |
Vârful Măgurii |
wachtower |
463999.492 616329.091 |
6 |
Budacu de Jos |
Budacu de Jos |
2 |
Dealul Cetăţii |
wachtower |
463687.745 622744.623 |
7 |
Budacu de Jos |
Buduș |
3 |
La Ulmi |
wachtower |
465734.241 618583.499 |
8 |
Șieu-Măgheruș |
Sărăţel |
1 |
Sărăţel 1 |
wachtower |
456498.062 616926.517 |
9 |
Șieu-Măgheruș |
Sărăţel |
2 |
Sărăţel 2 |
wachtower |
456700.52 616918.354 |
10 |
Cetate |
Orheiul Bistriţei |
1 |
Orheiul Bistriţei |
auxiliary fort |
468956.489 621889.308 |
11 |
Livezile |
Livezile |
1 |
Livezile |
auxiliary fort |
467702.426 631768.751 |
12 |
Șintereag |
Șintereag |
1 |
Dealul Oului |
wachtower |
446447.565 633071.412 |
13 |
Salva |
Salva |
1 |
Roata lui Todoran |
wachtower |
451666.084 645687.585 |
14 |
Salva |
Salva |
2 |
Dealul Dumbravă |
wachtower |
453516.324 647049.11 |
15 |
Năsăud |
Năsăud |
1 |
La Ţigani |
wachtower |
454472.691 644237.352 |
16 |
Năsăud |
2 |
Vârful Pietrei |
wachtower |
455008.166 646019.51 |
|
17 |
Zagra |
Zagra |
1 |
Dealul Ciorilor |
wachtower |
446991.315 647179.669 |
18 |
Zagra |
Perișor |
2 |
Vârful Zgăului |
wachtower |
443142.09 647185.367 |
19 |
Zagra |
Perișor |
3 |
Vârful Colnicului |
wachtower |
443586.537 647281.312 |
20 |
Zagra |
Perișor |
4 |
Vârful Colnicului 2 |
wachtower |
443572.47 647236.129 |
21 |
Zagra |
Perișor |
5 |
Păltiniș |
wachtower |
440374.489 647439.736 |
22 |
Spermezeu |
Sita |
1 |
Casa Urieșilor |
wachtower |
439799.15 647484.136 |
23 |
Spermezeu |
Sita |
2 |
Dealul Sâtii |
fortlet |
439519.811 647473.021 |
24 |
Spermezeu |
Spermezeu |
3 |
Lazuri |
wachtower |
436158.547 645557.454 |
25 |
Spermezeu |
Spermezeu |
4 |
Lazuri vis a vis la est |
wachtower |
437016.507 645532.194 |
26 |
Spermezeu |
Dobricei |
5 |
Vârful Lazului |
wachtower |
433333.768 645391.793 |
27 |
Spermezeu |
Dobricei |
6 |
Rângoiţa |
wachtower |
432659.349 645480.898 |
28 |
Căianu Mic |
Ciceu Poieni |
1 |
Vârful Osoiului |
wachtower |
431928.722 645210.062 |
29 |
Căianu Mic |
Ciceu Poieni |
2 |
Podul Milcoaiei |
wachtower |
430878.265 645314.866 |
30 |
Căianu Mic |
Ciceu Poieni |
3 |
Strunga Găvojdenilor |
wachtower |
430179.741 645235.928 |
31 |
Căianu Mic |
Ciceu Poieni |
4 |
Faţa Carpenului 3 |
wachtower |
429706.321 645055.921 |
32 |
Negrilești |
Purcărete |
1 |
Faţa Carpenului 2 |
wachtower |
429532.833 645041.993 |
33 |
Negrilești |
Purcărete |
2 |
Faţa Carpenului 1 |
wachtower |
429552.149 645024.589 |
34 |
Negrilești |
Negrilești |
3 |
Cornul Malului 2 |
wachtower |
429122.167 644621.742 |
35 |
Negrilești |
Negrilești |
4 |
Cornul Malului |
wachtower |
428665.556 644575.442 |
36 |
Negrilești |
Negrilești |
5 |
Negru Vodă |
wachtower |
428374.467 643764.031 |
37 |
Negrilești |
Negrilești |
6 |
Cetatea lui Negru Vodă |
fortlet |
428272.549 643524.036 |
38 |
Negrilești |
Negrilești |
7 |
Dealul Muncelului? |
wachtower |
427596.97 643910.212 |
39 |
Negrilești |
Negrilești |
8 |
? |
wachtower |
427654.35 643910.212 |
40 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
1 |
Vârful Sflederului 2 |
wachtower |
425842.297 643233.201 |
41 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Dumbrăveni |
2 |
Vârful Sflederului |
wachtower |
425736.274 643305.516 |
42 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
3 |
Valea Mestecănișului |
fortlet |
425201.827 642767.528 |
43 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Dumbrăveni |
4 |
Vârful Runcului |
wachtower |
424366.462 642485.559 |
44 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Dumbrăveni |
5 |
? |
wachtower |
422436.446 641529.86 |
45 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Dumbrăveni |
6 |
Dealul Podului |
wachtower |
421379.092 642243.528 |
46 |
Ciceu-Giurgești |
Dumbrăveni |
7 |
? |
wachtower |
420596.953 642385.68 |
47 |
Uriu |
Ilișua |
1 |
ARCOBA(DA)RA |
auxiliary fort |
431588.557 634983.567 |
48 |
Ciceu-Mihăiești |
Ciceu-Corabia |
1 |
Poniţa |
wachtower |
419456.234 642108.508 |
Sălaj COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Fildu de Jos |
Fildu de Sus |
1 |
Grebăn |
wachtower |
340111.095 607256.766 |
2 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
1 |
Cornul Vlașinului |
wachtower |
340654.104 611336.104 |
3 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
2 |
Poic |
fortlet |
341563.043 611540.462 |
4 |
Horoatu Crasnei / Bucium |
Huta / Hurez |
3 |
Dl. lui Gyuri |
wachtower |
341772.108 613100.639 |
5 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
4 |
Între Dl. Cozlii și Salhiger |
wachtower |
342860.445 614263.824 |
6 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
5 |
Salhiger |
wachtower |
343285.965 614543.934 |
7 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
6 |
Dealu Mare |
wachtower |
343649.812 615198.626 |
8 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
7 |
Între Dl. Mare și Arsură |
wachtower |
343996.367 615627.841 |
9 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
8 |
Arsură 2 |
wachtower |
344089.913 617700.454 |
10 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
9 |
Arsură 1 |
wachtower |
344119.705 617708.51 |
11 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
10 |
Arsură 3 |
wachtower |
344047.363 617644.129 |
12 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
11 |
Dl. Boului/Coasta Julii |
wachtower |
344405.148 619377.904 |
13 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
12 |
La Frapsin |
wachtower |
344977.163 619338.923 |
14 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
13 |
Dl. Secuiului |
fortlet |
346252.764 620244.321 |
15 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
14 |
Sub Cornet- Păstăiasa |
earthen rampart |
345823.126 619660.015 346478.256 620203.692 |
16 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
15 |
Sub Cornet 1 |
wachtower |
345749.957 620202.904 |
17 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
16 |
Sub Cornet 2 |
wachtower |
345597.191 620271.884 |
18 |
Horoatu Crasnei |
Hurez |
17 |
Dl. Boului/La Ferice |
wachtower |
344442.886 618401.993 |
19 |
Horoatu Crasnei/Bucium |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș / Hurez |
18 |
Dealu Prislop 4 |
wachtower |
344234.819 617359.935 |
20 |
Horoatu Crasnei/Bucium |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș / Hurez |
19 |
Dealu Prislop 1 |
wachtower |
344196.149 616360.984 |
21 |
Bucium /Horoatu Crasnei |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș / Hurez |
1 |
Dealu Prislop 2 |
wachtower |
344390.601 616942.594 |
22 |
Bucium |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș |
2 |
Dealu Prislop 3 |
wachtower |
344333.093 617063.005 |
23 |
Bucium |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș |
3 |
Dl. Cozlii |
wachtower |
341670.135 613874.196 |
24 |
Buciumi |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș |
4 |
Poiana Șeredanilor |
wachtower |
347311.578 621551.625 |
25 |
Bucium |
Sângeorgiu de Meseș |
5 |
Dl. Boului/Măguriţa |
wachtower |
344712.281 619008.184 |
26 |
Buciumi |
Buciumi |
6 |
Sub Padină / Coasta Ogrăzii |
wachtower |
348037.906 622349.289 |
27 |
Buciumi |
Buciumi |
7 |
Sub Padină / Deasupra Șurii Fânului |
wachtower |
347677.044 622048.973 |
28 |
Buciumi |
Bodia |
8 |
Groapa Mare |
wachtower |
348812.894 623039.269 |
29 |
Buciumi |
Bucium |
9 |
Grădiște |
auxiliary fort |
351569.286 618364.293 |
30 |
Agrij |
Agrij |
1 |
Coasta Lată |
wachtower |
349135.79 623669.889 |
31 |
Agrij |
Agrij |
2 |
Osoiul Ciontului 2 |
wachtower |
349413.851 624191.913 |
32 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
1 |
Coasta Ciungii 1 |
wachtower |
350472.072 625388.71 |
33 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
2 |
Coasta Ciungii 2 |
wachtower |
350829.193 625584.288 |
34 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
3 |
Vârful Ciungii |
wachtower |
351281.585 626078.055 |
35 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
4 |
Gura Teghișului |
wachtower |
352959.743 626608.546 |
36 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
5 |
Vf. Teghișului |
wachtower |
353567.597 626882.977 |
37 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
6 |
Sub Păstaie |
wachtower |
354050.414 627739.829 |
38 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
7 |
Dealul Mănăstirii |
wachtower |
351981.404 626323.18 |
39 |
Treznea |
Treznea |
8 |
Vârful Obârșiei |
wachtower |
350248.834 624997.058 |
40 |
Treznea |
Bozna |
9 |
Osoiul Ciontului |
wachtower |
349711.922 624623.878 |
41 |
Românași |
Românași |
1 |
Cetate |
auxiliary fort |
361441.214 624662.559 |
42 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
1 |
Vf. Păstaie - Sub Păstaie |
earthen rampart |
354296.508 628362.452 353776.838 627324.692 |
43 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
2 |
Vf. Păstaie |
wachtower |
354292.936 628369.146 |
44 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
3 |
Măgura Stânii 1 |
wachtower |
356217.721 629909.363 |
45 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
4 |
Măgura Stânii 2 |
wachtower |
356332.967 629944.733 |
46 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
5 |
Sub Măgura Stânii |
wachtower |
356582.452 630184.766 |
47 |
Mun. Zalău |
Stâna |
6 |
La Oroieși |
wachtower |
356583.239 630599.384 |
48 |
Mun. Zalău |
Stâna |
7 |
La Balize |
wachtower |
356634.868 631417.653 |
49 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
8 |
La nord de Pârâul Măgurii |
wachtower |
355680.873 631098.084 |
50 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
9 |
Masa Craiului |
wachtower |
355520.409 631553.449 |
51 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
10 |
Peringaru |
wachtower |
355880.161 632374.066 |
52 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
11 |
Dealul Poieniţa |
wachtower |
356085.707 632669.42 |
53 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
12 |
Dl. Dojii 2 |
wachtower |
356384.419 633255.678 |
54 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
13 |
Dl. Dojii |
wachtower |
356608.924 633417.157 |
55 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
14 |
La Ţigani / Pădurea Orașului |
wachtower |
356603.108 633762.188 |
56 |
Mun. Zalău |
Zalău |
15 |
La Ţigani / Pădurea Orașului 2 |
wachtower |
356849.43 633875.1 |
57 |
Mun. Zalău |
Ortelec |
16 |
Clocoţăl |
wachtower |
356961.343 634665.612 |
58 |
Mun. Zalău |
Ortelec |
17 |
Măgurice 2 |
wachtower |
357164.398 634977.745 |
59 |
Mun. Zalău |
Ortelec |
18 |
Măgurice |
wachtower |
357779.744 635690.476 |
60 |
Mun. Zalău |
Ortelec |
19 |
Fântâna Șușigului |
fortlet |
358207.607 636404.635 |
61 |
Mun. Zalău |
Ortelec |
20 |
Măgurice-La Strâmtură |
rampart |
358030.965 636119.73 358176.533 636402.265 |
62 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
1 |
Fântâna Șușigului 2 |
fortlet |
358366.527 636577.665 |
63 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
2 |
Druia |
wachtower |
357754.643 632505.759 |
64 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
3 |
Sub Druia |
wachtower |
357915.696 632505.816 |
65 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
4 |
Poiana Moigrădanilor |
wachtower |
358293.46 633215.102 |
66 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
5 |
Dl. Ferice |
wachtower |
360088.904 633318.315 |
67 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
6 |
Poiana Moigrădanilor-Dl. Ferice |
earthen rampart |
358308.885 636550.547 359906.623 637915.394 |
68 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
7 |
Poguior |
wachtower |
358656.283 636709.344 |
69 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
8 |
Dealul Făgiște |
wachtower |
359243.736 637324.995 |
70 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
9 |
Viţinal 1 |
wachtower |
359643.151 637738.444 |
71 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
10 |
Viţinal 2 |
wachtower |
359686.252 637819.073 |
72 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
11 |
Dealu Mare 3 |
wachtower |
360634.024 637670.851 |
73 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
12 |
Dealu Mare 2 |
wachtower |
361634.549 637105.39 |
74 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
13 |
Dealu Mare |
wachtower |
362177.763 637011.961 |
75 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
14 |
Dealu Mare |
wachtower |
361670.914 636524.884 |
76 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
15 |
Voievodeasa 1 |
wachtower |
365036.797 638333.553 |
77 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
16 |
Voievodeasa 2 |
wachtower |
364447.075 638288.589 |
78 |
Mirșid |
Mirșid |
17 |
- |
wachtower |
365035.072 638336.11 |
79 |
Creaca |
Brusturi |
1 |
La Ruine (CERTIAE) |
auxiliary fort |
364748.747 629970.651 |
80 |
Creaca |
Jac |
2 |
Pomet (POROLISSVM) |
auxiliary fort |
360477.881 632725.669 |
81 |
Creaca |
Jac |
3 |
Citera |
auxiliary fort |
361166.851 632993.997 |
82 |
Creaca |
Jac |
4 |
Terasa Sanctuarelor-Sub Citeră |
earthen rampart |
360633.05 633457.34 361140.587 633222.394 |
83 |
Creaca |
Jac/Brebi |
5 |
Sub Citeră-Roata Dungii |
earthen rampart |
360555.141 632956.326 362302.924 634942.744 |
84 |
Creaca |
Brebi |
6 |
Sub Citeră |
fortlet |
362313.561 634283.332 |
85 |
Creaca |
Brebi |
7 |
Sub Citeră B2 / Roata dungii |
fortlet |
362325.438 634861.188 |
86 |
Creaca |
Brebi |
8 |
Dealu Mare 1 |
wachtower |
361634.59 637105.358 |
87 |
Creaca |
Brebi |
9 |
Mănăstire |
wachtower |
363329.544 638425.463 |
88 |
Creaca |
Brebi |
10 |
Dumbrava Brebi |
wachtower |
364085.935 638404.86 |
89 |
Creaca |
Ciglean |
11 |
La Fundătură |
wachtower |
366241.082 637648.506 |
90 |
Creaca |
Ciglean |
12 |
La Fundătură 2 |
wachtower |
366494.342 637852.182 |
91 |
Creaca |
Prodănești |
13 |
Pe Șanţ |
rampart |
368430.856 638613.288 368341.154 638608.263 |
92 |
Jibou |
Var |
1 |
Dealul Tărăboilor |
wachtower |
370110.383 638325.547 |
93 |
Surduc |
Tihău |
1 |
Grădiște / Cetate |
wachtower |
374603.477 638977.172 |
94 |
Surduc |
Tihău |
2 |
Grădiște |
auxiliary fort |
374115.912 639444.302 |
95 |
Surduc |
Surduc |
3 |
De-asupra Văii Hrăii |
wachtower |
375913.793 643133.444 |
96 |
Băbeni |
Cliţ |
1 |
Faţa Chicerii |
wachtower |
381696.718 645689.223 |
97 |
Lozna |
Preluci |
1 |
Holm |
wachtower |
382504.451 646597.994 |
98 |
Lozna |
Preluci |
2 |
Hornicior |
wachtower |
382551.062 646547.784 |
99 |
Lozna |
Lozna |
3 |
Curmăturiţa |
wachtower |
385198.469 648230.341 |
100 |
Lozna |
Valea Leșului |
4 |
Ţiclău |
wachtower |
386383.872 648623.547 |
101 |
Lozna |
Valea Leșului |
5 |
Picioarele Andreichii |
wachtower |
386942.738 649324.779 |
102 |
Ileanda |
Negreni |
1 |
Dealul Hoancelor |
wachtower |
389151.395 649247.205 |
103 |
Ileanda |
Negreni |
2 |
Poiana la Arbore |
wachtower |
389587.977 649043.085 |
104 |
Ileanda |
Podișu |
3 |
La Bontauă |
wachtower |
392792.486 650233.658 |
105 |
Ileanda |
Rogna |
4 |
- |
fortlet |
392792.486 650233.658 |
106 |
Ileanda |
Ileanda |
5 |
La Căsoi |
wachtower |
395752.91 649101.819 |
107 |
Ileanda |
Dăbâceni |
6 |
Coama Pietrar 1 |
wachtower |
395745.705 646642.635 |
108 |
Ileanda |
Dăbâceni |
7 |
Coama Pietrar 2 |
wachtower |
395899.64 646100.788 |
109 |
Gâlgău |
Glod |
1 |
Toaca Glodului |
wachtower |
397112.633 646131.274 |
110 |
Gâlgău |
Glod |
2 |
Cetate I |
wachtower |
400061.683 644259.057 |
111 |
Gâlgău |
Glod |
3 |
Cetate II |
wachtower |
400038.263 644240.923 |
112 |
Gâlgău |
Gâlgău |
4 |
Casa Popii/Poianu |
wachtower |
403417.168 643578.731 |
113 |
Gâlgău |
Gâlgău |
5 |
Casa Popii |
wachtower |
404724.341 643497.733 |
114 |
Gâlgău |
Căpâlna |
6 |
Casa Urieșilor |
wachtower |
405522.053 643082.645 |
115 |
Gâlgău |
Căpâlna |
7 |
Dâmbul lui Golaș |
wachtower |
405026.461 642482.919 |
116 |
Gâlgău |
Căpâlna |
8 |
Hotroapă |
wachtower |
405796.197 642930.986 |
117 |
Poiana Blenchii |
Fălcușa |
1 |
Dealul Muncelului |
wachtower |
409353.696 640704.753 |
118 |
Zimbor |
Sutor |
1 |
(Optatiana) |
auxiliary fort |
366486.801 611366.793 |
Cluj COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Chiuiești |
Dosu Bricii |
1 |
Muncelul Chiuieștiului |
wachtower |
418725.438 644810.786 |
2 |
Chiuiești |
Chiuiești |
2 |
Dealul Crucii |
wachtower |
412990.924 644275.276 |
3 |
Chiuiești |
Sălătruc |
3 |
Dealul lui Mihai |
wachtower |
414138.410 642039.369 |
4 |
Cășeiu |
Cășeiu |
1 |
SAMVM |
auxiliary fort |
412042.230 632520.187 |
5 |
Cășeiu |
Guga |
2 |
Vârful Ţâglii |
wachtower |
410183.937 640190.047 |
6 |
Câţcău |
Muncel |
1 |
Muchia Poienii Lupului |
wachtower |
408567.415 641250.851 |
7 |
Poieni |
Hodișu |
1 |
Cornul Sonului |
wachtower |
340382.078 606598.688 |
8 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
2 |
Dealul Cornii |
wachtower |
340274.624 606407.647 |
9 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
3 |
Dealul Bociului |
wachtower |
339410.919 605200.791 |
10 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
4 |
Râmbușoi |
wachtower |
339198.663 604588.259 |
11 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
5 |
Dosu Marcului |
wachtower |
338783.858 603991.001 |
12 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
6 |
Horhiș |
wachtower |
338372.061 603802.327 |
13 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
7 |
Cetăţea |
wachtower |
338107.133 603080.449 |
14 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
8 |
Dâmbu Vărădeștilor1 |
wachtower |
337838.078 603447.224 |
15 |
Poinei |
Poieni |
9 |
Dâmbu Vărădeștilor2 |
wachtower |
337824.801 603478.443 |
16 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
10 |
Dâmbu Vărădeștilor |
earthen rampart |
337664.016 603551.266 |
17 |
Poieni |
Poieni |
11 |
Poieni centru |
fortlet |
337462.940 603594.159 |
18 |
Poieni |
Bologa |
12 |
Grădiște |
auxiliary fort |
338935.303 600620.997 |
19 |
Poieni |
Bologa |
13 |
Măgura Bologii |
wachtower |
336407.216 599259.693 |
20 |
Căpușu Mare |
Dumbrava / Straja |
1 |
Dealul Ursului |
wachtower |
367092.922 592972.670 |
21 |
Gilău |
Gilău |
1 |
La Castel |
auxiliary fort |
376400.902 585437.036 |
22 |
Gilău |
Gilău |
2 |
Dealul Mic 2 |
wachtower |
377874.667 582992.189 |
23 |
Gilău |
Gilău |
3 |
Dealul Mic 3 |
wachtower |
377768.394 582978.836 |
24 |
Gilău |
Gilău |
3 |
Dealul Mic 4 |
wachtower |
377757.942 582980.895 |
25 |
Florești |
Luna de Sus |
1 |
Dealul Mic 5 |
wachtower |
377731.485 582762.667 |
26 |
Turda |
Turda |
1 |
Potaissa |
legionary fort |
406040.460 564151.546 |
27 |
Săvădisla |
Finișel |
1 |
Dealul Ursoaia |
wachtower |
376852.202 576145.697 |
28 |
Săvădisla |
Hășdate |
2 |
Dealul Marginea |
wachtower |
375080.859 573091.042 |
29 |
Băișoara |
Liteni |
1 |
Pădurea Bisericii |
wachtower |
378803.017 570211.386 |
30 |
Băișoara |
Băișoara |
2 |
Vârful Pliculeţe |
wachtower |
380983.759 565464.076 |
31 |
Cluj-Napoca |
Mănăștur |
1 |
Pădurea Bisericii |
wachtower |
389839.473 583135.316 |
Alba COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Ighiu |
Ighiu |
1 |
Dealul Măgulici |
auxiliary fort |
383841.470 515491.674 |
2 |
Ocna Mureș |
Războieni |
1 |
Grajduri CAP |
auxiliary fort |
412802.437 546474.953 |
3 |
Zlatna |
Pătrângeni |
1 |
Zlatna |
auxiliary fort |
365386.005 511631.522 |
4 |
Zlatna |
Trâmpoiele |
2 |
Zlatna |
wachtower |
354028.493 518417.612 |
5 |
Alba Iulia |
Alba Iulia |
1 |
Cetate |
auxiliary fort |
389735.868 508484.741 |
6 |
Abrud |
Abrud |
1 |
Cetăţeaua |
fortlet |
351914.552 530992.645 |
Hunedoara COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Geoagiu |
Cigmău |
1 |
Cetatea Urieșilor |
auxiliary fort |
359717.786 489818.781 |
2 |
Geoagiu |
Bozeș |
2 |
Cetatea Urieșilor |
fort |
358457.222 498728.125 |
3 |
Veţel |
Veţel |
1 |
Micia (Grădiște) |
auxiliary fort |
330641.093 492612.893 |
4 |
Hunedoara |
Hunedoara |
1 |
Dealul Sânpetru |
wachtower |
335657.603 474009.677 |
5 |
Boșorod |
Târsa |
1 |
Luncani Târsa |
temporary fort |
356598.141 460917.067 |
6 |
Orăștioara de Sus |
Costești / Grădiștea de Munte |
1 |
Vârtoape |
temporary fort |
363323.205 462709.548 |
7 |
Orăștioara de Sus |
Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte |
2 |
Muncel |
temporary fort |
368719.278 461784.986 |
8 |
Orăștioara de Sus |
Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte |
3 |
Dealul Șesului |
temporary fort |
369946.516 458833.764 |
9 |
Orăștioara de Sus |
Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte |
4 |
Comărnicel I |
temporary fort |
377442.437 455055.362 |
10 |
Orăștioara de Sus |
Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte |
5 |
Comărnicel II |
temporary fort |
376808.599 454564.619 |
11 |
Orăștioara de Sus |
Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte |
6 |
Comărnicel III |
temporary fort |
377069.132 455638.229 |
12 |
Băniţa |
Băniţa |
1 |
Jigoru Mare |
temporary fort |
367742.958 448045.250 |
13 |
Sarmizegetusa |
Sarmizegetusa |
1 |
Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa |
civil settelment |
327297.916 448390.111 |
Caraș Severin COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Zăvoi/Marga |
Vama Marga (greșit: Zăvoi) |
1 |
Voislova (Pons Augusti) |
auxiliary fort |
302560.134 450405.144 |
2 |
Zăvoi |
Zăvoi |
2 |
Zăvoi (Agnaviae) |
auxiliary fort |
297868.963 450576.806 |
3 |
Obreja |
Jupa |
1 |
Traianu |
auxiliary fort |
280516.963 445146.786 |
4 |
Caransebeș |
Jupa |
1 |
Tibiscum |
auxiliary fort |
280403.092 444620.759 |
5 |
Brebu |
Brebu (greșit: Cornuţel) |
1 |
Caput Bubali |
auxiliary fort |
272193.660 439931.638 |
6 |
Fârliug |
Fârliug |
1 |
Aizis |
auxiliary fort |
254302.622 449198.807 |
7 |
Berzovia |
Berzovia |
1 |
Berzobis |
auxiliary fort |
236020.849 442108.123 |
8 |
Forotic |
Surducu Mare |
1 |
Rovină |
auxiliary fort |
233403.249 424958.733 |
9 |
Vărădia |
Vărădia |
1 |
Arcidava |
auxiliary fort |
228705.980 403557.423 228347.106 404600.149 |
10 |
Vărădia |
Vărădia |
2 |
Chilii |
auxiliary fort |
|
11 |
Teregova |
Teregova |
1 |
La Hideg |
auxiliary fort |
288458.321 411196.324 |
12 |
Mehadia |
Mehadia |
1 |
Zidină |
auxiliary fort |
291058.310 385227.786 |
Olt COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Crîmpoaia |
Crîmpoaia |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
481048.166 312035.588 |
|
2 |
Tia Mare |
Tia Mare |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
472099.474 263023.393 |
|
3 |
Gostavăţu |
Gostavăţu |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
462390.187 287011.033 |
|
4 |
Dobrosloveni |
Reșca |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
451886.022 297254.301 |
|
5 |
Piatra Olt |
Criva de Sus |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
444589.666 319689.665 |
Vâlcea COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Drăgășani |
Drăgășani |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
442218.548 350321.716 |
|
2 |
Ionești |
Ionești |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
439755.178 376180.156 |
|
3 |
Râmnicu Vâlcea |
Stolniceni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
446145.741 394018.512 |
|
4 |
Dăești |
Sânbotin |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
450930.593 408099.319 |
|
5 |
Călimănești |
Jiblea |
1 |
La Gaitini |
auxiliary fort |
449997.156 414836.096 |
6 |
Călimănești |
Căciulata |
2 |
auxiliary fort |
446175.314 419844.413 |
|
7 |
Berislăvești |
Rădăcinești |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
456297.276 420418.784 |
|
8 |
Perișani |
Băiașu |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
453010.746 430263.236 |
|
9 |
Racoviţa |
Copăceni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
446091.577 433099.333 |
|
10 |
Racoviţa |
Racoviţa |
2 |
auxiliary fort |
446145.910 433701.070 |
|
11 |
Titești |
Cucoiu |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
452461.011 434755.126 |
|
12 |
Câineni |
Câineni Mici |
1 |
wachtower |
445988.621 444511.985 |
|
13 |
Câineni |
Râu Vadului |
1 |
wachtower |
443321.828 447358.985 |
Sibiu COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Boiţa |
Boiţa |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
442920.100 459411.021 |
Brașov COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Ucea |
Feldioara |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
476055.952 477727.097 |
|
2 |
Voila |
Cincșor |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
488883.421 481799.062 |
|
3 |
Râșnov |
Râșnov |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
534552.530 457755.568 |
|
4 |
Hoghiz |
Hoghiz |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
521733.461 497624.341 |
|
5 |
Moieciu |
Drumul Carului |
1 |
Drumul Carului |
auxiliary fort |
523618.633 441611.345 |
Covasna COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Boroșneu Mare |
Boroșneu Mare |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
577706.621 480471.546 |
|
2 |
Reci |
Reci |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
570042.604 483106.151 |
|
3 |
Bodoc |
Olteni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
565649.961 498366.488 |
|
4 |
Baraolt |
Baraolt |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
543771.250 507057.029 |
|
5 |
Breţcu |
Breţcu |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
601697.003 506514.396 |
Harghita COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Mărtiniș |
Sânpaul |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
529404.940 521729.700 |
|
2 |
Mărtiniș |
Bădeni |
2 |
fortlet |
526868.764 524219.196 |
|
3 |
Odorheiu Secuiesc |
Odorheiu Secuiesc |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
523464.280 534713.394 |
|
4 |
Atid |
Inlăceni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
509216.061 547654.056 |
Mureș COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Sărăţeni |
Săeăţeni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
501065.811 562455.491 |
|
2 |
Eremitu |
Călugăreni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
490641.424 569662.248 |
|
3 |
Eremitu |
Câmpul Cetăţii |
2 |
whatchtower |
499298.662 572968.337 |
|
4 |
Sovata |
Săcădat |
1 |
rampart |
507624.396 574527.741 |
|
5 |
Chiheru de Jos |
Chiheru de Jos |
1 |
whatchtower |
504401.600 579458.990 |
|
6 |
Ibănești |
Ibănești |
1 |
whatchtower |
497130.677 583767.221 |
|
7 |
Hodac |
Toaca |
1 |
rampart |
499392.033 594516.653 |
|
8 |
Ideciu de Jos |
Ideciu de Sus |
1 |
whatchtower |
483957.416 593793.972 |
|
9 |
Brâncovenești |
Brâncovenești |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
482336.182 595830.482 |
|
10 |
Vătava |
Vătava |
1 |
whatchtower |
482681.532 611242.049 |
|
11 |
Deda |
Deda |
1 |
whatchtower |
491031.681 611399.588 |
Teleorman COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
2 |
Putineiu |
Putineiu |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
497336.579 266445.632 |
|
3 |
Salcia |
Băneasa |
1 |
Băneasa |
auxiliary fort |
497265.670 270791.104 |
4 |
Roșiorii de Vede |
Roșiorii de Vede |
1 |
Epureasca |
whatchtower |
495319.517 282361.460 |
5 |
Roșiorii de Vede |
Roșiorii de Vede |
2 |
Valea Urlui |
auxiliary fort |
495103.068 284618.067 |
6 |
Roșiorii de Vede |
Roșiorii de Vede |
3 |
Valea Mocanului |
earthen rampart |
495876.341 286077.342 |
7 |
Roșiorii de Vede |
Roșiorii de Vede |
4 |
Valea Mocanului |
whatchtower |
495753.9655 286061.989 |
8 |
Stejaru |
Gresia |
1 |
Gresia |
auxiliary fort |
493539.890 296981.341 |
Argeș COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Bârla |
Afrimești |
1 |
castru mic |
auxiliary fort |
481197.091 331673.330 |
2 |
Bârla |
Afrimești |
2 |
castru mare |
auxiliary fort |
481146.609 331801.305 |
3 |
Bârla |
Bârla |
3 |
Urluieni 1 |
whatchtower |
483345.783 332320.019 |
4 |
Bârla |
Bârla |
4 |
Urluieni 2 |
whatchtower |
484044.571 332612.566 |
5 |
Hârșești |
Martalogi |
1 |
Hârșești 1 |
whatchtower |
484769.342 332996.340 |
6 |
Hârșești |
Martalogi |
2 |
Hârșești 2 |
whatchtower |
485592.151 333478.805 |
7 |
Stolnic |
Izbășești |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
483032.154 344864.182 |
|
8 |
Săpata |
Mârtești |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
481396.191 356488.234 |
|
9 |
Săpata |
Mârtești |
2 |
auxiliary fort |
481418.179 356592.644 |
|
10 |
Lunca Corbului |
Lăngești |
1 |
whatchtower |
481723.352 356865.179 |
|
11 |
Albota |
Mareș |
1 |
whatchtower |
486042.775 362574.646 |
|
12 |
Albota |
Albota |
2 |
auxiliary fort |
487236.063 363535.781 |
|
13 |
Albota |
Albota |
3 |
whatchtower |
489725.577 365606.178 |
|
14 |
Pitești |
Pitești |
1 |
Războieni |
whatchtower |
490530.656 371000.505 |
15 |
Micești |
Purcăreni |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
491797.034 384262.661 |
|
16 |
Câmpulung |
Câmpulung |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
501089.741 413470.086 |
|
17 |
Câmpulung |
Câmpulung |
2 |
fortlet |
5011116.959 413470.669 |
|
18 |
Rucăr |
Rucăr |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
514099.746 433202.809 |
Prahova COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Drajna |
Drajna de Sus |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
584229.839 418128.579 |
|
2 |
Dumbrăvești |
Mălăiești |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
579852.784 399602.999 |
|
3 |
Târgșoru Vechi |
Târgșorul Vechi |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
573369.071 377123.868 |
Buzău COUNTY
No. |
TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT |
LOCALITY |
No. of SITE/TAU |
TOPONYM |
TYPE OF SITE |
COORDINATES IN STEREO 70 |
1 |
Pietroasele |
Pietroasele |
1 |
auxiliary fort |
624276.872 400560.707 |
Justification of Outstanding Universal Value
The registration of the Roman border crossing various countries was a joint objective, a trans-national Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE) monument being established in 2005. The goal of the LIMES programme is to draw up the documentation regarding the monuments composing the Roman border from Romania, the largest unitary heritage monument in the country, contributing with the longest sector, of over 1000 de km, to the unique UNESCO monument “Frontiers of the Roman Empire” (FRE). Most of the archaeological sites lie in rural areas, hence many are well preserved.
The research of the Roman border started in the 19th century, extensively carried out in the 1970’ies. Nevertheless, currently, the monuments composing the Roman border are not topographically mapped, yielding little archaeological information though.
The theme study which must be drafted and the propositions for the tentative national list suppose a comprehensive documentation for the draft of a list of monuments to be included, based on criteria also applied by the other European states and adapted to regional specificities, on the tentative UNESCO list. The documentation of these monuments, given the nature of the sites in Romania, is very difficult, hence the programme development under optimal conditions is key.
The known monuments which compose limes dacicus and those in Muntenia, which had been part of the province of Moesia, are rather numerous, however, they will be definitely enriched with other new as they are recorded. Fortifications with legionary or auxiliary troops in garrison, usually lie in valleys, close to most accessible communication routes, the border line being advanced by ca. 5 km, composed of towers and small fortifications. The latter are set in a varied background, commonly close to the tops of the highest hills. The auxiliary fortifications do not lie precisely on the border line, but at a distance of ca. 5 km behind the border. These must have been the specificities of the northern border (from Bologa - Cluj county to Orheiul Bistriței) and likely of that from east Transylvania, farther, southwards, up to Brețcu (Covasna county). In the west instead, the border line seems to have been made on the line of the imperial road (current road Orșova-Caransebeș-Hațeg-Alba-Iulia-Turda), without yet an identified tower line in front the important forts. All the elements of the Roman frontier system must be represented, as we know from the European analogies, that are the dossiers delivered to nominate the Frontiers of the Roman Empire in UNESCO, and these must have a significant contribution in justifying the Universal Value of the monument. Therefore, we have proposed the inscription of the most important civil settlements on the Western limes of Dacia, Alba-Iulia (Apulum) and Sarmizegetusa, no matter if they are overlapped or adjacent to fortresses. Moreover, especially for the importance in contributing to the Statement of the Universal Value, temporary camps in Orăștie Mountains have been added, one of the values being there earliest chronology, dating from the very beginning of the Roman conquest of Dacia. They reveal in a very special way the Roman army strategy in one of the most important conflicts of the Roman Empire. The single outposts lie in the gold mining area of the Apuseni Mountains.
In the south-eastern side, the border is set on the Olt valley, with the features of a riverine frontier, while for a short while, on a 5-30 km line (Eartern ramapart) east the Olt starting from Râșnov (Brașov county) to Ciuperceni (Teleorman county) on a ca. 200 km distance. The latter, functions discontinuously in the first half of the 2nd century and early 3rd century AD. In the rest of the periods, the functional border was that on the river.
Except the fortifications on the Danube line, there are also a few other important forts between the future limes transalutanus and the Danube, which had belonged under Trajan to the province of Moesia.
Criterion (ii): The remains of the Roman borders of the province of Dacia, are, together with the limes Germanicus, Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, the most significant elements of the Roman borders present in Europe. The forts, burgi, towers, ramparts, walls, beside the connected infrastructure and civil settlements evidence an important exchange of human and cultural values, at the climax of the Roman empire, by the development of the Roman military architecture, extending the constructional technical and management knowledge to the edges of the empire. These structures mirror a complex border system imposed to existent societies starting from the northern side of the Roman empire, introducing firsthand military installations and civil dependent settlements connected by an extended infrastructure network. The Roman borders were not an impenetrable barrier, but they controlled and allowed the movement of the populations: of not only the military troops, but also of the civilians and traders. Thus, they triggered the exchange of cultural values by the displacement of soldiers and civilians of various ethnicities. This led to deep changes and developments in affected regions, in terms of human inhabitancy, architecture and landscaping habits in one word, the organisation of the surrounding space. Even today, Roman borders are an obvious part of the landscape.
Criterion (iii): As integral part of the general defensive system of the Roman empire, the Dacia limes has an extraordinary cultural value. It is an incontestable evidence of the maximum extension of the power of the Roman empire, by the enforcement of its northern border, a physical expression of the Roman imperial policy. It proves the Roman empire’s ambition to rule the whole world, in order to impose its laws and lifestyle in a long term view. It is evidence to the Roman colonisation in afferent territories, of the diffusion of the Roman culture and varied traditions – military, engineering, architectural, religious, economic and political – and of the many human settlements associated to state defence, which contribute to the understanding of the life of the Roman soldiers and their families in this part of the empire.
Criterion (iv): The Dacian limes is a remarkable example of Roman military architecture, of the constructional techniques and their evolution, accomplished by the engineers of the time, over several generations. It proves the variety and sophistication of the Roman’s answer to the specific topography and climate, or to the political, military and social circumstances from the northern part of the empire, which are also found in the entire European side of the empire, thus impacting most later developments in this part of the world.
Statements of authenticity and/or integrity
The selected parts for registration are of a high authenticity degree, each verified by extended scientific studies. The materials and substance of the underground archaeological remains are very well preserved, similarly to the remains visible at surface level. The shape and design of each part of the Roman border in Dacia are clear and easy to establish and associate. Later developments, overlapping border parts, although few, are a vertical buffer-area. There is a small number of restorations of the border elements, among the forts especially, also aligned to the vertical buffer-areas category. The Dacian limes joins all Roman border elements visible on other sectors as well: natural barriers, fortification lines in the form of rampart and ditch or even wall, fort networks, burgi and towers. The majority of its structures lay underground, never excavated. Excavated parts were protected according to the latest standards and are in general in a good state.
The proposed parts show the extraordinary complexity of the Roman border in its European side. Although some parts, quantitatively few, were affected by natural and anthropic processes, the integrity of the structure is proven by its visible parts and those underground. Plenty of elements were researched and very few of them were later built on top, while where reconstructions are corresponding, they were included in the system. The overwhelming majority of the Dacian limes is found in the rural environment, lies underground with significant parts noticeable on the surface. Many individual sites are impeccably preserved.
Comparison with other similar properties
The Roman empire, at the peak of its territorial extension, was one of the largest empires in history. Enclosing the Mediterranean Sea, it was protected by a border system flowing constantly all around.
The limits of the Roman empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Black Sea in the east, from central Scotland to the north, to the northern boundaries of southern Sahara. The Roman frontier was completed in the 2nd century AD. It has an approximate length of 5000 km, being formed of linear barriers (earthen ramparts with palisades or stone walls), beside legionary fortresses and auxiliary forts, towers, limes roads and many civil settlements. Best preserved limes portions are found in England, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.
Until now, three sectors of the Roman border were registered in LPM UNESCO: Hadrian’s Wall (1987), the Limes Germanicus (2005) and the Anonine Wall (2008).
Spread on 130 km, from one shore to another of northern England, Hadrian’s Wall was built at the order of the emperor, in AD 122, as a linear continuous barrier on the northern limit of the Roman province of Britannia. The continuous wall between the two shores was preceded by a line composed of rampart, ditch and palisade, along several forts and burgi, as well as watch towers, all linked by a vast road network.
The German limes spreads on a length of 550 km, between the Rhine and the Danube and was built in stages, over the 2nd century AD. With its forts, burgi, towers, physical barriers, connecting infrastructure and civil settlements, it is an incontestable evidence of an inter-human values and civilisation exchange via the development of the military architecture in areas until then poorly developed. It was not only a military barrier, but also a system of economic and cultural limits. It is also an excellent example of topographical and engineering accuracy of the Romans.
The Antonine Wall was built around AD 140, in the attempt to partially conquer Scotland and extend the province of Britannia by a few tens of km northward. By its military and civil constructions it evidences an active cultural exchange between the civilisations. As it was in use only for a generation, it is a photography of the Roman frontiers, at a given moment in time, especially in terms of design and initiation of the constructional work.
Other sectors of the Roman border from Europe pending enlisting on the tentative PM list of UNESCO: the limes of Germania Inferior (joint effort Germany-the Netherlands), the Danube limes (with national sectors for Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania). These are, in overwhelming majority, riverine frontiers, set along the two most rivers of Europe – the Rhine and the Danube. Therefore, they exhibit specificities typical to a river frontier, lacking linear barriers and tower networks. It has, instead, a network of well situated forts, interconnected and connected to the civil world of the provinces via a complete road network and provided with strategic crossing points of the two important rivers.
The Dacian limes is the longest land Roman border sector of Europe, stretching over more than 1000 km. It is the most complex unitary concept of Roman border within the empire, bringing together all the other systems, alternately used in the Roman world. Its existence provides an entirely different view of the Danube limes system. Doubled for more than one century and a half by the Dacian limes, it somewhat became complementary to the latter, if not even inactive, for this period. The high variation degree of the geographical conditions in Dacia required an adapted frontier by alternating various systems within the same provincial border: limes Porolissensis is a continuous alternate between the linear barriers and tower network-systems. In the west and along the Olt, are noted continuous lines of fortification along certain roads.
Its positioning mostly outside built-up areas provides the opportunity of a reliable protection, while accessibility is a management issue, making the cultural tourism along the Dacian limes a feasible goal.
In the end, the Roman cultural heritage has a privileged place in the Romanian identity and culture, as it is the evidence of the Latin inheritance. Therefore, the authorities and the public of Romania are interested in its protection and valuation, especially most recently.