State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 554 Housing 348 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 199 Ground transport infrastructure 183 Legal framework 137 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 107 Management activities 100 Illegal activities 97 Mining 78 Water infrastructure 65 Interpretative and visitation facilities 60 Surface water pollution 58 Oil and gas 55 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 53 Major linear utilities 48 Marine transport infrastructure 42 Commercial development 39 Deliberate destruction of heritage 38 Land conversion 35 Renewable energy facilities 34 Forestry /wood production 34 Financial resources 31 Solid waste 27 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 25 Underground transport infrastructure 23 Water (extraction) 22 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 22 Civil unrest 20 Storms 20 Governance 20 Water (rain/water table) 19 Earthquake 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Human resources 19 Quarrying 18 Invasive / alien freshwater species 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 15 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Society's valuing of heritage 14 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 High impact research / monitoring activities 12 Localised utilities 11 Crop production 10 Other climate change impacts 9 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 7 Micro-organisms 6 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 5 Temperature change 5 Industrial areas 4 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 4 Flooding 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Relative humidity 3 Wind 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1