State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 637 Housing 400 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 227 Ground transport infrastructure 208 Legal framework 167 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 115 Illegal activities 109 Management activities 108 Mining 99 Surface water pollution 89 Water infrastructure 82 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 65 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 61 Major linear utilities 54 Forestry /wood production 51 Marine transport infrastructure 46 Renewable energy facilities 45 Commercial development 42 Financial resources 42 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Land conversion 38 Storms 35 Solid waste 31 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 30 Water (extraction) 28 Underground transport infrastructure 26 Invasive / alien freshwater species 25 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 25 Water (rain/water table) 24 Earthquake 24 Governance 24 Human resources 22 Civil unrest 21 Fire (widlfires) 21 Quarrying 20 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 20 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 Crop production 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Non-renewable energy facilities 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Localised utilities 14 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Other climate change impacts 12 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 11 Industrial areas 10 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 10 Air transport infrastructure 9 Relative humidity 8 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 7 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 War 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 Low impact research / monitoring activities 3 Temperature 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Radiation/light 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1