State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 676 Housing 410 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 238 Ground transport infrastructure 218 Legal framework 181 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 117 Management activities 115 Illegal activities 113 Mining 102 Surface water pollution 98 Water infrastructure 94 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 67 Oil and gas 67 Interpretative and visitation facilities 66 Major linear utilities 54 Forestry /wood production 54 Financial resources 47 Marine transport infrastructure 46 Renewable energy facilities 45 Commercial development 43 Deliberate destruction of heritage 41 Storms 41 Land conversion 38 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 35 Solid waste 33 Water (extraction) 32 Water (rain/water table) 31 Governance 29 Earthquake 27 Human resources 27 Underground transport infrastructure 26 Invasive / alien freshwater species 25 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 25 Fire (widlfires) 22 Localised utilities 21 Quarrying 21 Civil unrest 21 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 20 Crop production 19 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 19 Air pollution 18 Input of excess energy 17 Relative humidity 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Non-renewable energy facilities 15 Pollution of marine waters 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Industrial areas 13 Air transport infrastructure 12 War 12 Other climate change impacts 12 Micro-organisms 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 10 Commercial hunting 7 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 6 Flooding 6 Temperature 5 Wind 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Radiation/light 3 Terrorism 3 Low impact research / monitoring activities 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1