State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 561 Housing 362 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 199 Ground transport infrastructure 181 Legal framework 139 Management activities 104 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 94 Illegal activities 93 Surface water pollution 92 Mining 83 Water infrastructure 80 Oil and gas 60 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 56 Interpretative and visitation facilities 55 Forestry /wood production 49 Major linear utilities 45 Financial resources 41 Marine transport infrastructure 38 Deliberate destruction of heritage 38 Storms 38 Renewable energy facilities 35 Commercial development 34 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 31 Solid waste 29 Land conversion 29 Water (extraction) 29 Earthquake 28 Water (rain/water table) 27 Invasive / alien freshwater species 22 Localised utilities 21 Human resources 21 Underground transport infrastructure 20 Crop production 20 Relative humidity 20 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 20 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 19 Quarrying 16 Civil unrest 16 Fire (widlfires) 16 Air pollution 15 Input of excess energy 15 Pollution of marine waters 15 Industrial areas 14 Ground water pollution 14 Governance 13 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 12 High impact research / monitoring activities 12 Micro-organisms 11 Air transport infrastructure 10 Non-renewable energy facilities 9 Society's valuing of heritage 9 War 9 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 8 Commercial hunting 5 Temperature 5 Wind 5 Flooding 5 Other climate change impacts 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Radiation/light 3 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 3 Terrorism 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1