The International Council on Monuments and Sites, a non-governmental organization, was founded in 1965 after the adoption of the Charter of Venice, in order to promote the doctrine and the techniques of conservation. ICOMOS provides the World Heritage Committee with evaluations of properties with cultural values proposed for inscription on the World Heritage List, as well as with comparative studies, technical assistance and reports on the state of conservation of inscribed cultural properties.
For more information, visit www.icomos.org.
Source(s): https://whc.unesco.org/en/faq/39
Les attributs, appelés plus communément caractéristiques dans le cas de biens naturels, sont les éléments, les processus ou les caractéristiques qui portent et rendent manifestent la valeur universelle exceptionnelle (VUE) d’un bien. L’identification et la compréhension de leur interdépendance est cruciale pour comprendre la VUE et pour assurer une protection et des mécanismes de gestion adaptés. Les attributs doivent être le centre d’attention des initiatives de protection et de gestion.
La Convention du patrimoine mondial ne définit pas spécifiquement l’identification. Dans le texte de la Convention, il est fait référence à « l’identification, la protection, la conservation, la mise en valeur et la transmission aux futures générations du patrimoine culturel et naturel ».
L’Article 5 de la Convention fait référence à une série de mesures pouvant être prise afin d’assurer « l'identification, la protection, la conservation, la mise en valeur et la transmission » (UNESCO 1972).
Dans les Orientations, l’identification des biens pour une éventuelle inscription sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial est considéré comme la première étape dans le processus de conservation du patrimoine mondial (UNESCO, février 1996 : 1, 17 et 32, paragraphes 2, 54 et 94).
Une section concernant l’identification est incluse dans le formulaire de proposition d’inscription (UNESCO février 1996 : 20 paragraphe 64 (c) et UNESCO 1995).
Source(s) : Glossary of World Heritage Terms related to the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (1996) (uniquement en anglais)
L’article 4 de la Convention du patrimoine mondial stipule :
« Chacun des Etats parties à la présente Convention reconnaît que l'obligation d'assurer l'identification, la protection, la conservation, la mise en valeur et la transmission aux générations futures du patrimoine culturel et naturel visé aux articles 1 et 2 et situé sur son territoire, lui incombe en premier chef ».
La Convention du patrimoine mondial ne définit pas spécifiquement l’identification. Dans le texte de la Convention, il est fait référence à « l’identification, la protection, la conservation, la mise en valeur et la transmission aux futures générations du patrimoine culturel et naturel ».
L’article 5 de la Convention fait référence à une série de mesures pouvant être prise afin d’assurer « l'identification, la protection, la conservation, la mise en valeur et la transmission » (UNESCO 1972). Dans les Orientations, l’identification des biens pour une éventuelle inscription sur la Liste du patrimoine mondial est considéré comme la première étape dans le processus de conservation du patrimoine mondial.
Source(s) : Glossaire des termes du patrimoine mondial concernant la mise en œuvre de la Convention du patrimoine mondial (1996) (uniquement en anglais)
Attributes, more commonly called features in the case of natural properties, are those elements, processes or features that convey and make manifest the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of a property. Identification and understanding of their interrelationships are crucial to understanding OUV and therefore to ensuring appropriate protection and management mechanisms. Attributes should be the focus of protection and management.
The World Heritage Convention does not specifically define identification. Throughout the Convention reference is made to the "identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of the cultural and natural heritage". Article 5 of the Convention makes reference to a number of "effective and active measures" that can be taken by States Parties in ensuring this "identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission" (UNESCO 1972).
Within the Operational Guidelines the identification of properties for potential inclusion in the World Heritage List is referred to as the first step in the process of World Heritage conservation (UNESCO February 1996: 1, 17 and 32, Paragraphs 2, 54 and 94).
An identification section is included as part of the nomination form (UNESCO February 1996: 20, Paragraph 64 (c) and UNESCO 1995).
Source(s): Glossary of World Heritage Terms related to the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention (1996)
Heritage impact assessments (HIAs) for World Heritage (WH) properties are conducted in order to evaluate effectively the impact of potential development on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of properties. Due to diversity of World Heritage properties and varieties of potential impacts, different assessment tools are to be applied, from the state of the art techniques - research and analysis conducted by qualified personnel, to the new IT resources on recording and mapping intangible heritage and multiple layers of attributes, including 3D virtual representation. However, although development of new tools is potentially useful, for the foreseeable future, impact assessment processes need to be able to access a variety of existing tools, without relying entirely on any one of them. Numerous visual assessment tools have been adapted to the assessment of impacts of proposed developments on the OUV of various World Heritage properties, especially those located within dynamic urban contexts, but so far these have rarely been linked to a more in-depth assessment of impact on all the attributes of OUV. There are also new tools on recording and mapping intangible heritage and multiple layers of attributes that have not been exploited for use in WH properties. Good documentation does not require a Geographic Information System (GIS), although this has been a powerful and useful tool where it is available. All approaches need to be systematic and follow rational guidelines.
Source(s): Guidance on Heritage Impact Assessments for Cultural World Heritage Properties (ICOMOS, 2011)
Not yet drafted
L'inclusion sociale se rapporte aux processus et aux résultats qui permettent d'améliorer les conditions dans lesquelles les personnes participent à la société. Des personnes peuvent être exclues de différents processus, opportunités et avantages sur le plan du développement en raison de leur sexe, de leur origine ethnique, de leur statut d'immigré ou de réfugié, de leur religion, etc.
L'inclusion sociale consiste à prendre en compte ces situations défavorables afin de favoriser le bien-être et la prospérité partagée.
Contribuer à l'inclusion et à l'équité
18. Les États parties devraient veiller à ce que la conservation et la gestion des biens du patrimoine mondial reposent sur la reconnaissance de la diversité culturelle, l'inclusion et l'équité. Dans ce but, les États parties devraient s'engager à mettre en œuvre des politiques, des interventions et des pratiques de conservation et de gestion sur les sites du patrimoine mondial - et autour - permettant à toutes les parties prenantes, notamment aux populations locales, de bénéficier des conditions suivantes :i. Renforcement des compétences, des opportunités et de la dignité de tous, indépendamment de l'âge, du sexe, du handicap, de l'origine ethnique ou géographique, de la religion et de la situation économique ou autre ;
ii. Promotion de l'équité, réduction des inégalités sociales et économiques et réduction de l'exclusion pour tous, indépendamment de l'âge, du sexe, du handicap, de l'origine ethnique ou géographique, de la religion et de la situation économique ou autre ;
iii. Reconnaissance, respect et inclusion des valeurs ainsi que des connaissances culturelles et environnementales associées au lieu des populations locales.
Source(s) : Politique sur le patrimoine mondial et développement durable
Sustainable development involves stable, equitable and inclusive economic growth, based on sustainable patterns of production and consumption” (“Realizing the Future We Want for All”, page 29 of the World Heritage and Sustainable Development Policy). Inclusive economic development favours a people-centred economy. It makes macroeconomic growth and equity compatible, as measured in terms of employment, income and welfare. It also relies on the local use of resources and fair competition in a global market.
Paragraph 24 states that the World Heritage Convention should “contribute to promoting sustainable forms of inclusive and equitable economic development, productive and decent employment and income-generating activities for all, while fully respecting the OUV of World Heritage properties” by creating employment and livelihoods, strengthening capacity and supporting local entrepreneurship, investing in the local economy and providing quality tourism that benefits local communities.
Inclusive social development is one of the three dimensions of sustainable development set out in the 2030 UN Agenda for Sustainable Development and in the Policy Document for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention.
Paragraph 17 of the Policy states: The World Heritage Convention in Article 5 calls upon States Parties to “adopt a general policy which aims to give the cultural and natural heritage a function in the life of the community”.
States Parties should recognise that inclusive social development is at the heart of the implementation of this provision of the Convention. States Parties should further recognise that full inclusion, respect and equity of all stakeholders, including local and concerned communities and indigenous peoples, together with a commitment to gender equality, are a fundamental premise for inclusive social development. Enhancing quality of life and well-being in and around World Heritage properties is essential, taking into account communities who might not visit or reside in or near properties but are still stakeholders. Inclusive social development must be underpinned by inclusive governance.
Un indicateur est un facteur ou une variable quantitatif ou qualitatif fournissant un moyen simple et fiable de mesurer les réalisations, de refléter les changements dus à une intervention, ou d’aider à évaluer la performance d’un acteur de développement.
Source(s) : OECD-DAC (uniquement en anglais)
« Les indicateurs sont des mesures des attributs qui nous permettent de déterminer la qualité de ces derniers, que leur état soit acceptable ou que l’on observe des tendances ou changements tels qu’une expansion en altitude, une mortalité accrue des arbres dans les zones forestières, etc. »
« Les indicateurs dans une zone forestière peuvent inclure la proportion d’arbres morts par rapport à ceux encore vivants ; la quantité d’arbres morts encore sur pied ; le pourcentage de couvert fermé ou son rapport par rapport au couvert ouvert ; la densité du sous-bois ; l’abondance et la variété des espèces ».
Source(s) : L’adaptation au changement climatique pour les sites du patrimoine mondial naturel – Guide pratique
”Indicators are measures of the attributes that allow us to determine the quality of a particular attribute, whether the condition of the attribute is within acceptable limits, and whether there are trends or changes such as uphill expansion, increased woodland mortality, etc.”
“Indicators in a woodland might include the proportion of dead to live timber; the amount of dead timber that is standing; the percentage of closed canopy, or its ratio to open canopy; the abundance of understorey; the abundance and variety of species”.
Source(s): Climate Change Adaptation for Natural World Heritage Sites – A Practical Guide
Defined in the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries as:
‘(a) tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations;
(b) peoples in independent countries who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonisation or the establishment of present state boundaries and who, irrespective of their legal status, retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions.’
Source(s): International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention (No. 169)
"The term ‘Indigenous peoples’ is to be understood in the context of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention (No. 169) concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries as:
1. tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations;
Indigenous peoples: An official definition of indigenous peoples has not yet been adopted by any United Nations body. According to the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, the system has instead developed a modern understanding of this term based on the following:
- Self-identification as indigenous peoples at the individual level and accepted by the community as their member.
- Historical continuity with pre-colonial and or pre-settler societies
- Strong links to territories and surrounding natural resources
- Distinct social, economic and political system
- Distinct language, culture and beliefs
- Form non-dominant groups of society
- Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems as distinctive peoples and communities
'Indigenous peoples' is a generic term but in some countries there is a preference for other terms, such as first peoples/nations, aboriginals, ethnic groups, etc.
With reference to the Sustainable Development Goals, established by the United Nations (SDG 2030) and the Policy for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the processes of the World Heritage Convention, adopted by the General Assembly of States Parties to the World Heritage Convention in 2015, the States Parties should recognise that full inclusion, respect and equity of all stakeholders, including local and concerned communities and indigenous peoples, together with a commitment to gender equality, is a fundamental premise for inclusive social development. Enhancing quality of life and well-being in and around World Heritage properties is essential, taking into account also communities who might not visit or reside in or near properties but are still stakeholders. These aspects are at the heart of the implementation of Article 5 of the Convention.
Source(s):
International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention (No. 169)
http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/5session_factsheet1.pdf