Lake Maggiore and Lake D'Orta lakelands
ItalyMinistry of Cultural Heritage and Activities
Region: Piemonte - Provinces: Novara, Verbania, Pallazna
Cultural landscapes
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Description
The proposed site is situated in Piemonte, in the provinces of Novara , Verbania and Pallanza, on the eastern side of the Pre-Alpine lake district, at 200-220 m above sea level (Lake Maggiore) and 280.300 m above sea level (Lake d'Orta).There are several very small islands (the largest ones measure 200-300m), and villas and gardens have remodelled the gentle slopes on the mainland.
On account of he large lakes in the Pre-Alpine belt the landscape is totally different from that of the other valleys; the mild sub-Mediterranean climate is favourable to botanical species typical of the peninsular regions, including olive trees and a wide range of flowering plants. The lakelands, easily accessible by way of large rivers and mountain passes and endowed with an extraordinary climate, have always attracted humans settlements, while the variety and beauty of the landscape determined the development of a very particular religious and cultural sensitivity.
These lakelands, under the dominion of the Duchy of Milan until the latter was annexed (1735) by the House of Savoy, have always been a privileged way of passage, and feature a very original re-elaboration of various "erudite" architectural suggestions carried out with a view to improve the landscape artificially by adapting the pompous Roman and Milanese architectural models.
The "modelling" or landscaping of the lakelands began in the 16th century, at the time of what is known as "antica Civiltà della Riviera" (ancient Riviera Culture): a revival of commerce, liberal activities and the arts. A particular type of building appeared, especially around Lake d'Orta, halfway between a town house, or palazzo, and a country house, in line with its destination as holiday residence and often enriched with an abundance of virtuosities in the decorations of the façade and wrought iron railings. The celebrated villas on the Lake Maggiore islands were built in those same years, namely the villa-palazzo commissioned by Lancellotto Borromeo on Isola Madre at the beginning of the 16th century and the monumental palazzo and formal gardens on Isola Bella between 1620 and 1670. They are born of a creativity, typical of the period between the Renaissance and the Baroque, aimed at using architecture to conceive scenic landscapes crammed with illusionist, eccentric perspectives.
Once the Simplon Route (begun in 1801) and the first railway up to Arona (1855) had been built these lakelands became a fashionable holiday resort and attracted foreign visitors. So, it is in the 19th century, that they acquired their present structure, with sumptuous late-Neoclassical and Eclectic stately homes set in formal gardens overflowing with exotic plants and evergreens to suit the extravagant tastes of uncommonly wealthy purchasers. The district attracted thinkers, men and women of letters and artists who, way ahead of their times, discussed the conservation and development of the countryside. Concepts such as "landscape museum", "landscape painting", "landscape poetry" and "landscape literature", found in these lakelands original and diverse, inspirations which, however affected, certainly testify to a particularly harmonious man-landscape relationship.
Statements of authenticity and/or integrity
The site's fame as a tourist resort has long since ensured a "virtuous circle" for its safeguard, conservation and development.
The coasts and, all the more so the islands, come under the protection of the national legislation on cultural heritage, (Decree n. 41/22.1.2004), of the regional landscape regulations and of the municipal zoning regulations.
The management plan will be co-ordinated by the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities, and local authorities, namely: Regione Piemonte (Regional Authority), Comune di San Giulio d'Orta , Comune di Stresa, Comune di Verbania (Municipalities), Famiglia Borromeo.Comparison with other similar properties
The World Heritage List does not include "cultural landscapes" similar to or born of the cultural trends that determined the features of the Lake Maggiore and Lake d'Orta lakelands. The fact that this site was created over time, from the Renaissance to the 20th century and that it has an eminently "ideal" character, distinguishes it from other sites that have been included in the World Heritage List on the basis of quite similar criteria.
Several features of Great Britain's Lake District are comparable to those of the Lake Maggiore and Lake d'Orta lakelands; however, in Great Britain, the remodelling of the countryside took place in much more recent times.