State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 660 Housing 406 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 236 Ground transport infrastructure 212 Legal framework 173 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 116 Management activities 115 Illegal activities 109 Mining 99 Surface water pollution 98 Water infrastructure 95 Oil and gas 67 Interpretative and visitation facilities 66 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 66 Forestry /wood production 53 Major linear utilities 52 Financial resources 46 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Renewable energy facilities 43 Commercial development 42 Deliberate destruction of heritage 41 Storms 41 Land conversion 36 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 35 Water (rain/water table) 34 Solid waste 32 Water (extraction) 32 Earthquake 28 Governance 28 Human resources 26 Invasive / alien freshwater species 25 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Localised utilities 21 Quarrying 21 Crop production 20 Relative humidity 20 Civil unrest 20 Fire (widlfires) 20 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Air pollution 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Pollution of marine waters 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Industrial areas 14 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Air transport infrastructure 12 Micro-organisms 11 Other climate change impacts 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 War 9 Commercial hunting 7 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 6 Flooding 6 Temperature 5 Wind 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Radiation/light 3 Terrorism 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1