State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 648 Housing 394 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 228 Ground transport infrastructure 207 Legal framework 171 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 111 Management activities 110 Illegal activities 107 Mining 99 Surface water pollution 96 Water infrastructure 89 Oil and gas 67 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 65 Forestry /wood production 53 Major linear utilities 52 Financial resources 46 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Commercial development 42 Renewable energy facilities 41 Deliberate destruction of heritage 40 Storms 38 Land conversion 35 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 34 Water (extraction) 32 Solid waste 31 Water (rain/water table) 28 Governance 26 Human resources 26 Earthquake 25 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Invasive / alien freshwater species 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Quarrying 21 Civil unrest 20 Fire (widlfires) 20 Localised utilities 19 Crop production 19 Air pollution 18 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 18 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Pollution of marine waters 14 Relative humidity 14 Society's valuing of heritage 14 Industrial areas 13 Air transport infrastructure 12 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 War 9 Other climate change impacts 9 Micro-organisms 8 Commercial hunting 7 Wind 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Temperature 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Terrorism 3 Radiation/light 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1