State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 612 Housing 384 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 218 Ground transport infrastructure 199 Legal framework 151 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 111 Management activities 107 Illegal activities 103 Mining 92 Surface water pollution 81 Water infrastructure 75 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 63 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 58 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 48 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Renewable energy facilities 41 Commercial development 40 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Financial resources 39 Land conversion 36 Storms 32 Solid waste 29 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 29 Water (extraction) 26 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Invasive / alien freshwater species 23 Governance 23 Earthquake 22 Water (rain/water table) 21 Civil unrest 20 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Crop production 14 Air pollution 13 Localised utilities 12 Pollution of marine waters 12 Other climate change impacts 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 9 Industrial areas 8 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Relative humidity 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1