State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 593 Housing 374 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 210 Ground transport infrastructure 196 Legal framework 147 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 111 Management activities 105 Illegal activities 104 Mining 85 Water infrastructure 70 Surface water pollution 70 Interpretative and visitation facilities 63 Oil and gas 58 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 57 Major linear utilities 51 Marine transport infrastructure 44 Forestry /wood production 41 Commercial development 39 Renewable energy facilities 39 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Land conversion 36 Financial resources 36 Storms 30 Solid waste 28 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 28 Underground transport infrastructure 25 Water (extraction) 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Governance 22 Civil unrest 21 Earthquake 21 Invasive / alien freshwater species 21 Quarrying 19 Water (rain/water table) 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Human resources 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 Society's valuing of heritage 15 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Crop production 12 Localised utilities 11 Other climate change impacts 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 7 Industrial areas 6 Micro-organisms 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Relative humidity 3 Wind 3 War 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1