State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 634 Housing 397 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 226 Ground transport infrastructure 206 Legal framework 162 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 115 Illegal activities 108 Management activities 107 Mining 97 Surface water pollution 86 Water infrastructure 80 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 64 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 60 Major linear utilities 54 Forestry /wood production 50 Marine transport infrastructure 46 Renewable energy facilities 44 Commercial development 42 Financial resources 41 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Land conversion 38 Storms 33 Solid waste 30 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 29 Water (extraction) 27 Underground transport infrastructure 26 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 25 Invasive / alien freshwater species 24 Governance 24 Earthquake 23 Water (rain/water table) 22 Civil unrest 21 Fire (widlfires) 21 Human resources 21 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 20 Quarrying 19 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Non-renewable energy facilities 15 Crop production 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Localised utilities 14 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Other climate change impacts 12 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 10 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 10 Industrial areas 9 Air transport infrastructure 8 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Relative humidity 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 War 3 Low impact research / monitoring activities 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1