State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 318 Housing 213 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 114 Ground transport infrastructure 104 Surface water pollution 65 Legal framework 60 Illegal activities 51 Water infrastructure 49 Mining 46 Management activities 46 Forestry /wood production 37 Interpretative and visitation facilities 32 Financial resources 31 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 30 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 30 Major linear utilities 29 Oil and gas 29 Deliberate destruction of heritage 27 Storms 24 Renewable energy facilities 19 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 19 Water (rain/water table) 19 Earthquake 19 Water (extraction) 17 Relative humidity 17 Commercial development 16 Marine transport infrastructure 16 Localised utilities 15 Solid waste 15 Industrial areas 14 Crop production 14 Invasive / alien freshwater species 13 Air pollution 12 Quarrying 12 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 12 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 11 Human resources 11 War 9 Pollution of marine waters 8 Air transport infrastructure 7 Underground transport infrastructure 7 Ground water pollution 7 Input of excess energy 7 Micro-organisms 7 Fire (widlfires) 7 High impact research / monitoring activities 7 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 6 Governance 6 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 5 Temperature 5 Land conversion 4 Wind 4 Temperature change 4 Radiation/light 3 Civil unrest 3 Terrorism 3 Flooding 3 Non-renewable energy facilities 2 Subsistence hunting 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Society's valuing of heritage 2 Commercial hunting 1 Pests 1 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Other climate change impacts 1