State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 665 Housing 410 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 233 Ground transport infrastructure 216 Legal framework 181 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 117 Illegal activities 112 Management activities 112 Mining 102 Surface water pollution 96 Water infrastructure 91 Interpretative and visitation facilities 66 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 66 Oil and gas 66 Major linear utilities 54 Forestry /wood production 53 Financial resources 47 Marine transport infrastructure 46 Renewable energy facilities 45 Commercial development 43 Deliberate destruction of heritage 41 Storms 39 Land conversion 38 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 33 Solid waste 32 Water (extraction) 31 Governance 29 Water (rain/water table) 27 Human resources 27 Underground transport infrastructure 26 Earthquake 25 Invasive / alien freshwater species 25 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 25 Fire (widlfires) 22 Quarrying 21 Civil unrest 21 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 20 Crop production 19 Localised utilities 18 Air pollution 17 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Non-renewable energy facilities 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Industrial areas 13 Pollution of marine waters 13 Air transport infrastructure 12 Relative humidity 12 Other climate change impacts 12 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 10 War 10 Micro-organisms 8 Commercial hunting 7 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 6 Flooding 6 Temperature change 5 Wind 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Temperature 3 Terrorism 3 Low impact research / monitoring activities 3 Radiation/light 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1