Historic Centre of Vienna
Factors affecting the property in 2023*
- Housing
- Legal framework
- Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure
- Other Threats:
Desirability of conservation of historic roof constructions within the property
Factors* affecting the property identified in previous reports
- Housing: High-rise construction projects in Central Vienna (proposed Vienna Ice-Skating Club – Intercontinental Hotel – Vienna Konzerthaus project)
- Proposed new developments, including the Wien Museum and the Winterthur Building
- Legal framework: Lack of effectiveness of the overall governance of the property
- Legal framework: Lack of appropriateness of planning controls in the ‘High-Rise Concept 2014’ and the ‘Glacis Master Plan’
- Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure
- Desirability of conservation of historic roof constructions within the property
Threats for which the property was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger
The current planning controls: adopted developments and lack of adequate planning rules
Desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger
Proposed and adopted by the World Heritage Committee in its Decision 44 COM7A.32
Corrective Measures for the property
Proposed and adopted by the World Heritage Committee in its Decision 44 COM7A.32
Timeframe for the implementation of the corrective measures
Adopted by the World Heritage Committee, see page https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/7695 and https://whc.unesco.org/archive/2021/whc21-44com-7A.Add-en.pdf
UNESCO Extra-Budgetary Funds until 2023
N/A
International Assistance: requests for the property until 2023
Total amount approved : 0 USD
Missions to the property until 2023**
March 2002: ICOMOS Expert Mission to the “Historic Centre of Vienna”; May 2002: World Heritage Centre Mission to the “Historic Centre of Vienna”; September 2012: Joint World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring mission to the “Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn” and the “Historic Centre of Vienna”; November 2015: ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring mission to the “Historic Centre of Vienna”; November 2018: joint high-level World Heritage Centre/ICOMOS Advisory mission to the Historic Centre of Vienna
Conservation issues presented to the World Heritage Committee in 2023
On 1 February 2022, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033/documents, providing information on measures implemented in response to Decision 44 COM 7A.32, and reporting on progress with implementation of the adopted corrective measures (with some revisions to the original timeline) as follows:
- Progress has been made with implementation of corrective measures to achieve the adopted Desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger (DSOCR). The Viennese Municipal Council has anchored the World Heritage status in the Viennese Building Code by incorporating protection of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of World Heritage properties within a legal provision. The National Assembly has adopted a resolution commissioning the Federal Government to enhance the legal protection of World Heritage;
- A new Management Plan has been adopted by the Viennese Municipal Council in November 2021, following revision, in response to technical review by ICOMOS (of August 2021), to incorporate the corrective measures and DSOCR, and to acknowledge that some developments since inscription of the property do not support its OUV. An official decree by the City of Vienna in December 2021 approved competences for World Heritage management in line with measures included in the Management Plan, affording the highest priority to protection and preservation of World Heritage;
- In March 2021, the City of Vienna initiated a process to facilitate the revision of the Heumarkt Neu project design. A Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) was commissioned in accordance with Decision 44 COM 7A.32 and with advice about the process from the World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS International. The HIA concludes that the proposed revised project design no longer causes ‘severe’ impacts to the OUV of the property but assesses that ‘large’ impacts remain from a number of important viewpoints. The HIA was submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review by ICOMOS;
- An HIA for the proposed new building in Schwarzenberg Gardens is in progress and will include the revision of the care-plan for Schwarzenberg Gardens, a status report of the historic gardens in the Belvedere-Complex and recommendations for enhanced legislative protection of historic gardens generally. Construction works at the Wien Museum are proceeding in accordance with the previously considered plans and the Museum should re-open at the end of 2023. Neither new construction nor conversion are proposed for the neighbouring Winterthur Building, but the bridging structure between the Winterthur Building and Wien Museum was due to be removed during 2022;
- The roof cadastre has been published in print and online and has been included in the digital Viennese Culture Cadastre to make it accessible to a wider public, and its extension to iron and composite constructions is currently underway. The roof cadastre is intended to serve as a basis for dealing with historic roofs in the framework of the future management of the property.
In November 2022, ICOMOS provided further comments and recommendations for its improvement in the form of a technical review for the revised and updated Management Plan, which was submitted by the State Party with its state of conservation report in February 2022, available at the above-mentioned web address (the first version of the Management Plan was reviewed by ICOMOS in August 2021). The new ICOMOS technical review was transmitted to the State Party on 16 November 2022. A response to the 2022 ICOMOS technical review was sent by the State Party to the World Heritage Centre on 21 March 2023, highlighting that a number of the recommendations improving the management system of the property were already in place, and noting opportunities for future review.
Analysis and Conclusion by World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies in 2023
In 2021, the World Heritage Committee adopted a Desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger (DSOCR) and 20 corrective measures divided into three categories (five related to ‘Protection and Management’, twelve related to ‘Attributes’, and three related to ‘Integrity and Authenticity’), which was an important step towards the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger. The State Party and the City of Vienna have made progress in implementing the adopted corrective measures. The State Party proposes a slightly revised timeline to complete their implementation by 2024. According to the analyses of the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies, of the corrective measures related to ‘Protection and Management’, one is fully implemented (the development and adoption of the updated Management Plan for the property) and the others are advancing. Of the corrective measures related to ‘Attributes’, two seem to be fully implemented (the development of new high-rise buildings within the property is no longer permitted, and the legal provisions have been amended to give priority to the preservation of historic/original building stock), two are not yet completed (both relating to the revised Heumarkt Neu project and the achievement of a design with no adverse impact on the OUV), and implementation of the others is underway. Of the three corrective measures related to ‘Integrity and Authenticity’, two seem to have been fully implemented (both concerning the interpretation of the retrospective OUV of the property), and implementation of the third, concerning contemporary interventions, is underway. It is commendable that the State Party continues to work towards the full implementation of all corrective measures in order to achieve the DSOCR.
The incorporation of World Heritage conservation into the Viennese Building Code is an effective and important provision, which will be further supported through enhanced legal protection of World Heritage at the national level. The preparation and adoption of the Management Plan and its implementation through an official decree by the City of Vienna provide appropriate statutory priority to protection of World Heritage. These changes comprise a significant safeguard against the approval of future developments that may have an adverse impact on the OUV of the property. A new urban development plan for Vienna (which will also replace the ‘Glacis Master Plan’) is still under preparation and the amendment of the National Monument Protection Act to incorporate World Heritage requirements, is planned for 2024.
The elaboration of the Management Plan for the property has proceeded in accordance with the process requested by the Committee. The 2021 technical review of the draft Management Plan identified areas in which substantive changes were needed to afford primacy to conserving the attributes which support the property’s OUV, to embody the adopted DSOCR and corrective measures, and to incorporate provisions for amending legislation, planning controls and guidelines, in line with the decisions of the Committee and the recommendations of recent mission reports. The revised and updated Management Plan, which has been adopted, responds positively to the recommendations of the 2021 technical review, although the 2022 technical review of the updated Management Plan identified opportunities for further improvement. The State Party has indicated that a methodology for mapping and classifying additional attributes which support the OUV of the property is yet to be developed. It is important to note that Corrective Measure 4 under ‘Protection and Management’ further requires that the Management Plan is accepted by the World Heritage Committee and that its efficacy should be proven in practice through monitoring and evaluation over a period of five years.
The forthcoming HIA for the Schwarzenberg Gardens development and status report of the Historic Gardens in the Belvedere-Complex are welcome and should be submitted to the World Heritage Centre for review by the Advisory Bodies before any decisions on the implementation of any project are taken. The proposed enhanced legislative protection of historic gardens also reflects greater focus on heritage conservation, and it is hoped that as a result of the new legislation appropriate protection will be provided to the Schwarzenberg Gardens.
It would be appropriate to remind the State Party of the Committee’s previous requests to submit the final plans for the Wien Museum, including technical details and additional visualisations, in particular that of a new entrance, to the World Heritage Centre for review. Once fully operational within the planning and management framework, the implementation and expansion of the roof cadastre will make further important contributions to the conservation of the property.
The Committee has previously welcomed the decision not to proceed with the Heumarkt Neu development as originally planned, and the process to develop and assess alternative variants to the design. Through Reactive Monitoring and Advisory missions in 2012, 2015 and 2018, and consistent Decisions since 2013 (Decisions 37 COM 7B.71, 39 COM 7B.94, 41 COM 7B.42, 42 COM 7A.5, 43 COM 7A.45 and 44 COM 7A.32), the Committee has expressed concern that the project would adversely affect the OUV of the property. The DSOCR for the property, which was adopted as proposed by the State Party (Decision 44 COM 7A.32), requires that the: Revised design of the Heumarkt Neu project is implemented, respecting the integrity and authenticity of the OUV of the property as a whole as measured through an independent Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA), based on the results of the HIA 2019 and following its methodology.
The method of verification for corrective measure 5 (‘Protection and Management’ section), also adopted as proposed by the State Party, requires that the: The new HIA concludes that the revised Heumarkt Neu project does not adversely impact upon the OUV of the property and has undergone a Technical Review by ICOMOS International. The latter assessed the revised design to be consistent with the requirements of safeguarding the OUV of the property.
In March 2021, the City of Vienna initiated a mitigation process to enable a revised design of the building project Heumarkt Neu with the aim to prevent the impending ‘conclusive threat’ to the OUV of the property. Compared to the previous 2018 design, the dimensions of the complex have been modified, mainly in the area of the second slab, whose absolute height has been reduced by 9.8 metres, while its horizontal dimensions have been enlarged. Such modifications were proposed in a context where the building as planned in 2018 had been approved by the Municipality of Vienna, and the building permit would remain valid – allowing, from a legal point of view, construction activities to start at any time – and where, according to the current legislation, the envelope of approved buildings can only undergo minor changes after approval, and their height and volume can only be modified to a very limited extent. Through a separate process, following the judgment of the European Court of Justice of 25 May 2023, the Vienna Administrative Court is now to assess whether the Heumarkt Neu project, as an urban development project under the national thresholds of a land area of at least 15 ha and a gross floor area of more than 150,000 m², can be exempted from the requirement of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The judgment also refers to the location of the project as a particularly relevant factor in assessing the need for an EIA when the project is located within a World Heritage site.
The new (2021) HIA has been subject to Technical Review by ICOMOS, which acknowledged that the assessment is rigorous, authoritative and compliant with the methodology of the 2019 HIA. The new HIA concludes that the proposed revised project design no longer causes ‘severe’ impacts to the OUV of the property but does conclude that ‘large’ impacts remain related to the visual integrity of the property’s OUV. The new HIA notes that: ‘the New Proposal Heumarkt Neu 2021 should not be seen as a “solution”. Rather, it should be seen as an approach to find a compromise which intends to suggest a “way out” in a very difficult situation which was characterised by a very limited latitude to develop alternatives’. The revision of the project therefore does not satisfy the method of verification for Corrective Measure 5 under ‘Protection and Management’ insofar as it still adversely impacts upon the OUV of the property (which the new HIA assesses as ‘large’ impacts from a number of relevant viewpoints). Therefore, it would appear that a solution would necessarily involve a more significant reduction in floorspace, and a concomitant reduction in scale, an outcome that faces many challenges in the complex circumstances of the proposed Heumarkt Neu development.
The ICOMOS technical review of the HIA has thus concluded that: the exhaustive attempts to reduce the negative impact of the proposed project through amendments to the current proposal has unfortunately demonstrated that it is not feasible to achieve a result that meets the State Party’s own stated goals, the specific DSOCR adopted by the Committee at the State Party’s request, nor the protection and transmission of the OUV of the property. This situation arises because the total floor space of the new development has not been reduced, which results in an inappropriately large built form.
The commendable efforts to implement many of the corrective measures, inter alia through changes in building regulations that will prevent new developments from being considered without assessing their impact on the OUV of the World Heritage property, and modifications to the approved Heumarkt Neu 2018 project, represent progress in achieving the DSOCR. With regard to Corrective Measure 4a under ‘Attributes’ in particular concerning the Heumarkt Neu project, the Committee may wish to provide specific guidance to the State Party to make further progress in this direction, in relation to the determination of its height, floorspace and built form. In this regard, the State Party may be encouraged to apply the modelling used to assess the visual impact, which informed the previous HIAs, to review the options, such that acceptable thresholds can be identified and in turn inform a further revised design.
Decisions adopted by the Committee in 2023
45 COM 7A.55
Historic Centre of Vienna (Austria) (C 1033)
The World Heritage Committee,
- Having examined Document WHC/23/45.COM/7A.Add,
- Recalling Decisions 37 COM 7B.71, 39 COM 7B.94, 40 COM 7B.49, 41 COM 7B.42, 42 COM 7A.5, 43 COM 7A.45, and 44 COM 7A.32 adopted at its 37th (Phnom Penh, 2013), 39th (Bonn, 2015), 40th (Istanbul/UNESCO, 2016), 41st (Krakow, 2017), 42nd (Manama, 2018), 43rd (Baku, 2019) and extended 44th (Fuzhou/online, 2021) sessions respectively,
- Commends the State Party on the progress made in implementing many of the adopted corrective measures and previous Committee decisions, with the aim to enhance the management system of the property, in particular:
- anchoring the World Heritage status of the property in the Viennese Building Code as the most important legal planning tool of the City of Vienna,
- elaboration, adoption and publication of a new Management Plan for the property,
- initial steps towards enhanced legal protection of World Heritage in Austria,
- the forthcoming Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) for the Schwarzenberg Gardens and related recommendations for greater legal protection of historic gardens,
- ongoing development of the roof cadastre;
- Encourages the State Party to continue with the implementation of the adopted corrective measures in consultation with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies, with a view to achieving the Desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger (DSOCR), in accordance with the established timetable to which the State Party has proposed slight revisions;
- Accepts the revised and updated Management Plan for the property, notes that the corrective measures adopted require that the efficacy of the Management Plan be proven in practice through monitoring and evaluation over a period of five years, and requests the State Party to ensure that subsequent revisions address the matters raised in the 2022 ICOMOS technical review and to report on the proposed monitoring and evaluation process;
- Reminds the State Party of the Committee’s previous requests to submit final plans and designs for the Wien Museum to the World Heritage Centre for review by the Advisory Bodies;
- Acknowledges the efforts by the State Party and many other institutions and organisations to mitigate the negative impact of the proposed Heumarkt Neu project through design amendments, and undertaking an HIA of the revised proposal using a methodology which is rigorous, authoritative, and compliant with the previous HIA, but notes that this process has not resulted in an outcome, which achieves the DSOCR, including the verification requirements of the corrective measures;
- Notes also that redevelopment is possible on the Heumarkt Neu site, in order to achieve a project that does not adversely impact the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property necessarily involving a reduction, and further acknowledges the progress made by the State Party in developing a further revised scheme with a reduced height and volume;
- Further notes that, in line with previous Committee decisions, as well as the DSOCR and its corrective measures for the property, the further revised scheme will need to be assessed using the methodology of previous HIAs and notes furthermore that the determination of height, floorspace and built form which would achieve the desired improvement, such that the proposed development would not adversely impact the OUV of the property, could be pursued through the modelling used to assess visual impact which informed the previous HIAs;
- Requests the State Party to submit to the World Heritage Centre, by 1 February 2024, an updated report on the state of conservation of the property and the implementation of the above, for examination by the World Heritage Committee at its 46th session;
- Decides to retain the Historic Centre of Vienna (Austria) on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
45 COM 8C.2
Update of the List of World Heritage in Danger (Retained Properties)
The World Heritage Committee,
- Having examined the state of conservation reports of properties inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger (WHC/23/45.COM/7A, WHC/23/45.COM/7A.Add, WHC/23/45.COM/7A.Add.2, WHC/23/45.COM/7A.Add.3, WHC/23/45.COM/7A.Add.4),
- Having examined the recommendations of the Advisory Bodies, decides to retain the following properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger:
- Afghanistan, Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley (Decision 45 COM 7A.51)
- Afghanistan, Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam (Decision 45 COM 7A.52)
- Austria, Historic Centre of Vienna (Decision 45 COM 7A.55)
- Bolivia (Plurinational State of), City of Potosí (Decision 45 COM 7A.18)
- Central African Republic, Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park (Decision 45 COM 7A.3)
- Côte d'Ivoire / Guinea, Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (Decision 45 COM 7A.4)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Garamba National Park (Decision 45 COM 7A.5)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kahuzi-Biega National Park (Decision 45 COM 7A.6)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Okapi Wildlife Reserve (Decision 45 COM 7A.7)
- Democratic Republic of the Congo, Virunga National Park (Decision 45 COM 7A.8)
- Egypt, Abu Mena (Decision 45 COM 7A.26)
- Honduras, Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve (Decision 45 COM 7A.1)
- Indonesia, Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (Decision 45 COM 7A.15)
- Iraq, Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) (Decision 45 COM 7A.27)
- Iraq, Hatra (Decision 45 COM 7A.28)
- Iraq, Samarra Archaeological City (Decision 45 COM 7A.29)
- Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls (site proposed by Jordan) (Decision 45 COM 7A.31)
- Kenya, Lake Turkana National Parks (Decision 45 COM 7A.10)
- Libya, Archaeological Site of Cyrene (Decision 45 COM 7A.33)
- Libya, Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna (Decision 45 COM 7A.34)
- Libya, Archaeological Site of Sabratha (Decision 45 COM 7A.35)
- Libya, Old Town of Ghadamès (Decision 45 COM 7A.36)
- Libya, Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus (Decision 45 COM 7A.37)
- Madagascar, Rainforests of the Atsinanana (Decision 45 COM 7A.11)
- Mali, Old Towns of Djenné (Decision 45 COM 7A.22)
- Mali, Timbuktu (Decision 45 COM 7A.23)
- Mali, Tomb of Askia (Decision 45 COM 7A.24)
- Mexico, Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California (Decision 45 COM 7A.2)
- Micronesia (Federated States of), Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia (Decision 45 COM 7A.53)
- Niger, Aïr and Ténéré Natural Reserves (Decision 45 COM 7A.12)
- Palestine, Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines – Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir (Decision 45 COM 7A.39)
- Palestine, Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town (Decision 45 COM 7A.38)
- Panama, Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo (Decision 45 COM 7A.19)
- Peru, Chan Chan Archaelogical Zone (Decision 45 COM 7A.20)
- Romania, Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (Decision 45 COM 7A.56)
- Senegal, Niokolo-Koba National Park (Decision 45 COM 7A.13)
- Serbia, Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (Decision 45 COM 7A.57)
- Solomon Islands, East Rennell (Decision 45 COM 7A.16)
- Syrian Arab Republic, Ancient City of Aleppo (Decision 45 COM 7A.40)
- Syrian Arab Republic, Ancient City of Bosra (Decision 45 COM 7A.41)
- Syrian Arab Republic, Ancient City of Damascus (Decision 45 COM 7A.42)
- Syrian Arab Republic, Ancient Villages of Northern Syria (Decision 45 COM 7A.43)
- Syrian Arab Republic, Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din (Decision 45COM 7A.44)
- Syrian Arab Republic, Site of Palmyra (Decision 45 COM 7A.45)
- United Republic of Tanzania, Selous Game Reserve (Decision 45 COM 7A.14)
- United States of America, Everglades National Park (Decision 45 COM 7A.17)
- Uzbekistan, Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz (Decision 45 COM 7A.54)
- Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Coro and its Port (Decision 45 COM 7A.21)
- Yemen, Historic Town of Zabid (Decision 45 COM 7A.47)
- Yemen, Old City of Sana’a (Decision 45 COM 7A.49)
- Yemen, Old Walled City of Shibam (Decision 45 COM 7A.50)
- Lebanon, Rachid Karami International Fair-Tripoli (Decision 18 EXT.COM 5.1)
- Ukraine, The Historic Centre of Odesa (Decision 18 EXT.COM 5.2)
- Yemen, Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba, Marib (Decision 18 EXT.COM 5.3)
Draft Decision: 45 COM 7A.55
The World Heritage Committee,
- Having examined Document WHC/23/45.COM/7A.Add,
- Recalling Decisions 37 COM 7B.71, 39 COM 7B.94, 40 COM 7B.49, 41 COM 7B.42, 42 COM 7A.5, 43 COM 7A.45, and 44 COM 7A.32, adopted at its 37th (Phnom Penh, 2013), 39th (Bonn, 2015), 40th (Istanbul/UNESCO, 2016), 41st (Krakow, 2017), 42nd (Manama, 2018), 43rd (Baku, 2019) and extended 44th (Fuzhou/online, 2021) sessions respectively,
- Commends the State Party on the progress made in implementing many of the adopted corrective measures and previous Committee decisions, with the aim to enhance the management system of the property, in particular:
- anchoring the World Heritage status of the property in the Viennese Building Code as the most important legal planning tool of the City of Vienna,
- elaboration, adoption and publication of a new Management Plan for the property,
- initial steps towards enhanced legal protection of World Heritage in Austria,
- the forthcoming Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) for the Schwarzenberg Gardens and related recommendations for greater legal protection of historic gardens,
- ongoing development of the roof cadastre;
- Encourages the State Party to continue with the implementation of the adopted corrective measures in consultation with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies, with a view to achieving the Desired state of conservation for the removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger (DSOCR), in accordance with the established timetable to which the State Party has proposed slight revisions;
- Accepts the revised and updated Management Plan for the property, notes that the corrective measures adopted require that the efficacy of the Management Plan be proven in practice through monitoring and evaluation over a period of five years, and requests the State Party to ensure that subsequent revisions address the matters raised in the 2022 ICOMOS technical review and to report on the proposed monitoring and evaluation process;
- Reminds the State Party of the Committee’s previous requests to submit final plans and designs for the Wien Museum to the World Heritage Centre for review by the Advisory Bodies;
- Acknowledges the efforts by the State Party and many other institutions and organisations to mitigate the negative impact of the proposed Heumarkt Neu project through design amendments, and undertaking an HIA of the revised proposal using a methodology which is rigorous, authoritative, and compliant with the previous HIA, but regrets that this process has not resulted in an outcome, which achieves the DSOCR, including the verification requirements of the corrective measures;
- Also notes that while redevelopment is possible on the Heumarkt Neu site, a project that does not adversely impact on the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the property must necessarily involve further reduction, and therefore invites the State Party to consider alternative approaches which could deliver a further revised scheme with significantly reduced height, floorspace, and built form, in line with previous Committee decisions as well as the DSOCR and its corrective measures for the property;
- Further notes that the determination of a reduced height, floorspace and built form for a further revised Heumarkt Neu development could be pursued through the modelling used to assess visual impact, which informed the previous HIAs, so that thresholds informing a further revised design which does not adversely impact on the OUV of the property can be identified;
- Requests the State Party to submit to the World Heritage Centre, by 1 February 2024, an updated report on the state of conservation of the property and the implementation of the above, for examination by the World Heritage Committee at its 46th session;
- Decides to retain the Historic Centre of Vienna (Austria) on the List of World Heritage in Danger.
Exports
* :
The threats indicated are listed in alphabetical order; their order does not constitute a classification according to the importance of their impact on the property.
Furthermore, they are presented irrespective of the type of threat faced by the property, i.e. with specific and proven imminent danger (“ascertained danger”) or with threats which could have deleterious effects on the property’s Outstanding Universal Value (“potential danger”).
** : All mission reports are not always available electronically.