Borobudur Temple Compounds
Factors affecting the property in 2009*
- Legal framework
- Management activities
- Management systems/ management plan
Factors* affecting the property identified in previous reports
a) Ineffectual legal and institutional framework for the management and protection of the property;
b) Impacts on the stone of Borobudur Temple from the use of epoxy resin, steam cleaning and water repellants.
UNESCO Extra-Budgetary Funds until 2009
Total amount provided to the property: USD 7,000,000 between 1972 and 1983.
Netherlands Funds-In-Trust: USD 35,000, 2008 and 2009.
International Assistance: requests for the property until 2009
Total amount approved : 5,000 USD
1999 | On-site promotion at Borobudur and Prambanang (NOT ... (Approved) | 2,500 USD |
1998 | Project Proposal for On-site Promotional Meeting (Approved) | 2,500 USD |
Missions to the property until 2009**
April 2003 and February 2006: reactive monitoring missions; September 2007 and October 2008: UNESCO expert missions.
Conservation issues presented to the World Heritage Committee in 2009
The Borobudur Temple Compounds was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1991. At its 31st session (Christchurch, 2007), the World Heritage Committee urged the State Party to continue its efforts towards the revision of the legal and institutional framework for the protection and management of the property; to discontinue practices that appeared to have a negative impact on the stone of the Borobudur temple; and to continue monitoring and research activities (Decision 31 COM 7B.84).
The State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property to the World Heritage Centre on 29 January 2009, which reported progress against the Committee’s requests as follows:
a) Revision of the legal and institution framework
The State Party has engaged in a consultation programme with stakeholders and inter-institutional representatives to revise the legal and institutional framework for the protection and management of the property and its surrounding area. Consultation meetings were held in June 2007, October 2008 and February 2009 at Borobudur and Jakarta and were financed under the Netherlands Funds-In-Trust. As a result, all parties agreed to continue efforts to revise the existing legal framework (Presidential Decree Number 1 of 1992) to ensure a better protection and management of Borobudur and its surrounding areas.
Subsequently, the State Party designated Borobudur as a National Strategic Area, in which the property will be directly under the central government’s control. The State Party is yet to finalize a zoning system which will clearly demarcate the boundaries of the protected area and associated management conditions. Management of the property will be coordinated through a national institution and involve ongoing consultation with all stakeholders. The State Party estimates that the draft revised Presidential Decree will be finalized by 2010.
The State Party’s report also included a Master Plan concept, prepared by Indonesia’s Ministry of Culture and Tourism, which overviewed the proposed updates to the existing 1979 Master Plan for the property. The new Master Plan will address issues including the legal system, visitor management, community development, tourism development and administrative structures.
b) Discontinuation of conservation practices that have potential adverse effects
The State Party reports that it has now limited the use of epoxy resin, but not totally eliminated it, as an alternate substance has not yet been found. They envisage that it will be gradually phased out until a substitute has been identified. The report indicates that the primary ongoing uses of epoxy include coating for water resistance, gluing of broken stones and glue injection into cracks and camouflage. To minimize the adverse effects of the epoxy on the property, the State Party has been conducting research into the impacts of epoxy and potential substitutes, and has discontinued the use of epoxies that have noted adverse effects. They also report that the use of steam cleaning is now very limited and is only applied to the floor. In addition, the State Party reported that water repellents are no longer used on the Borobudur Temple.
Monitoring and research programs are ongoing, further to studies undertaken in collaboration with the World Heritage Centre in 2006 and 2007, including the ‘Collaboration Project on Methods for Monitoring the Monument’ in conjunction with the National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Tokyo. Monitoring programmes include conservation of temple stones, geo-hydrology, leakage of temple walls, structure stability, environmental impact, utilization and security.
c) Additional information provided by the State Party
In addition to responding to the Committee’s requests, the State Party reported:
- interpretation and presentation of the property has been recently improved through installation of information boards and signage, preparation of a ‘green map’ of the property, conduct of on-site management and conservation training and production of leaflets and brochures; and
- a Statement of Outstanding Universal Value has been prepared, based on the format developed by the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies. The text provides a brief synthesis of the significant heritage features of the property as well as justifications for inscription on the World Heritage List. l>
The World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies note the efforts of the State Party in addressing the issues raised by the World Heritage Committee, particularly in its progress in revising the legal and institutional framework for the management of the property, as well as in the improvement of the interpretation and presentation of the property. They also note that whilst the policies for stone conservation have been strengthened, there is continued use of epoxy resin at the property and they encourage the State Party to progress research and testing into finding an alternative substance, giving special consideration to the use of traditional local mortars combined with frequent maintenance. They also recommend that the State Party might consider requesting International Assistance to develop a pilot project in this area in order to formulate a protocol for the long-term conservation of the stone.
The World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies note the preparation of the Statement of Outstanding Universal Value by the State Party, but also note that this does not include information on the authenticity and integrity of the property, nor protection and management requirements necessary to maintain the Outstanding Universal Value. The World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies will provide assistance to the State Party to develop these components of the Statement of Outstanding Universal Value, within the framework of the upcoming periodic reporting exercise for the Asia Pacific Region.
Summary of the interventions
Decisions adopted by the Committee in 2009
33 COM 7B.74
Borobudur Temple Compounds (Indonesia) (C 592)
The World Heritage Committee,
1. Having examined Document WHC-09/33.COM/7B,
2. Recalling Decision 31 COM 7B.84, adopted at its 31st session (Christchurch, 2007),
3. Notes the State Party's efforts in revising the legal and institutional framework for the protection and management of the property and its surrounding area, and encourages it to continue the development of the new Presidential Decree and updated Master Plan;
4. Requests the State Party to:
a) Update the draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value, in consultation with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies, to include conditions of integrity and authenticity of the property and the protection and management requirements necessary to maintain the Outstanding Universal Value,
b) Develop in consultation with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies a management plan, based on the Outstanding Universal Value of the property and integrating, visitor management and community development;
5. Also requests the State Party to:
a) Discontinue the practices that appear to have a negative impact on the stone of the Borobudur temple,
b) Continue monitoring, research and testing activities, to find a substitute for the epoxy resin;
6. Also encourages the State Party to apply for International Assistance to develop a pilot project in order to formulate a protocol for the long-term conservation of the stone;
7. Further requests the State Party to keep the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies informed of progress made in the implementation of paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 above.
Draft Decision: 33 COM 7B.74
The World Heritage Committee,
1. Having examined Document WHC-09/33.COM/7B,
2. Recalling Decision 31 COM 7B.84, adopted at its 31st session (Christchurch, 2007),
3. Notesthe State Party’s efforts in revising the legal and institutional framework for the protection and management of the property and its surrounding area, and encourages it to continue the development of the new Presidential Decree and updated Master Plan;
4. Requests the State Party to:
a) Update the draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value, in consultation with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies, to include conditions of integrity and authenticity of the property and the protection and management requirements necessary to maintain the Outstanding Universal Value;
b) Develop in consultation with the World Heritage Centre and Advisory Bodies a management plan, based on the Outstanding Universal Value of the property and integrating, visitor management and community development;
5. Also requests the State Party to:
a) Discontinue the practices that appear to have a negative impact on the stone of the Borodbudur temple,
b) Continue monitoring, research and testing activities, to find a substitute for the epoxy resin;
6. Also encourages the State Party to apply for International Assistance to develop a pilot project in order to formulate a protocol for the long-term conservation of the stone;
7. Further requests the State Party to keep the World Heritage Centre and the Advisory Bodies informed of progress made in the implementation of paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 above.
Exports
* :
The threats indicated are listed in alphabetical order; their order does not constitute a classification according to the importance of their impact on the property.
Furthermore, they are presented irrespective of the type of threat faced by the property, i.e. with specific and proven imminent danger (“ascertained danger”) or with threats which could have deleterious effects on the property’s Outstanding Universal Value (“potential danger”).
** : All mission reports are not always available electronically.