State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 634 Housing 394 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 223 Ground transport infrastructure 208 Legal framework 166 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 112 Management activities 111 Illegal activities 106 Mining 97 Surface water pollution 90 Water infrastructure 82 Interpretative and visitation facilities 66 Oil and gas 65 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 62 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 51 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Renewable energy facilities 43 Financial resources 43 Commercial development 41 Deliberate destruction of heritage 40 Storms 37 Land conversion 36 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 32 Solid waste 31 Water (extraction) 29 Water (rain/water table) 27 Invasive / alien freshwater species 25 Governance 25 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Earthquake 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Human resources 23 Quarrying 21 Civil unrest 20 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Input of excess energy 17 Crop production 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Air pollution 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 14 Localised utilities 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Relative humidity 12 Industrial areas 11 Air transport infrastructure 11 Other climate change impacts 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Micro-organisms 8 Commercial hunting 7 Flooding 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Temperature change 5 Wind 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Temperature 3 War 3 Radiation/light 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Pests 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Terrorism 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1