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Time
5.212s
Categories
Activities 156
Committee 5
Documents 3415
Events 568
FAQ 63
News 1332
Pages 30
Partners 25
Publications 60
State of Conservation 2826
States Parties 51
Tentative Lists 945
World Heritage Properties 149
7957.
Hungary,
Demolition and inappropriate development in the buffer zone known as the ‘Jewish Quarter’;
Inappropriate use of public areas and street amenities;
Lack of conservation of residential housing in the area inscribed as World Heritage;
Increased traffic volume.
,The State Party submitted a state of conservation report on 30 January 2013 as requested ...
7958.
Peru,
Management systems/ management plan (Delays in reviewing the Master Plan and developing detailed yearly operational plans, and inadequate budgetary support for effective implementation; No evaluation of transport options, related geological studies, or the impact of bus traffic on increasing the risk of landslides; Lack of effective management of the property; Lack ...
7959.
Mexico,
Fishing/collecting aquatic resources
Illegal activities (illegal fishing)
Serious concerns about the imminent extinction of an endemic porpoise species (vaquita) and conservation status of a marine fish (totoaba)
,On 3 March 2022, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property, available ...
7960.
Uzbekistan,
Ground Transport Infrastructure (Roads)
High impact research / monitoring activities
Housing, Development (Use of new building material and methods, inappropriate restoration and reconstruction methods; utilities or service infrastructure)
Management deficiency (Lack of coordination with regard to the conservation and restoration activities carried out as part ...
7961.
“Vicente was reviewing the large stones Quixadá that stood out sharply on the arranhenta vastness of the savanna, lifting, sky above, the huge granite cliffs.
The light gave off strange gradations from the metallic gray and blue color of the sky, and another violet pale blue, to the black mud that flowed in large lists, vanishing in the crevices, chamalotando the rough ...
7962.
Georgia,
Lack of a management mechanism
Insufficient coordination between the GeorgianChurch and the national authorities
Lack of definition of property and buffer zones
Privatisation of surrounding land
Natural erosion of stone
Loss of authenticity in recent works carried out by the Church
,The World Heritage Committee at its 33rd session expressed its serious concern ...
7963.
Cameroon,a) Lack of implementation and full approval of management plan;
b) Industrial mining activities proposed adjacent to the property;
c) Industrial farming proposed in the buffer zone;
d) Threats from commercial hunting; deforestation around the property.,On 21 January 2010, the State Party transmitted a state of conservation report of the property containing the ...
7964.
· Egypt, the gift of the Nile
Egypt would not exist without the river and its periodical flooding which regulated life, work in the fields, religious and civil feastdays.
The banks flooded by the river when it was in spate were transformed into arable lands. Before the great modern dams were built, the average width of these banks varied between 100 m in Sudanese ...
7965.
Located approximately 80 km. to the south of Amman and 15 km to the northwest of the present-day town of el-Qatrana and the same distance to the northeast of the legionary fortress of el-Lejjun is the fort of Qas Bshir. Remarkably well preserved, this castellum stands as a poignant reminder of the long vanquished might of Rome on this, the southeastern ...
7966.
The town of Torzhok sits along an ancient route between the two Russian capitals, Moscow and St. Petersburg. This geography meant that numerous noblemen were awarded land plots around the town based on tenure in public service. As the cultural phenomenon of the Russian country estate was only emerging, this area was built up with exemplary estates, made up of mansions, ...
7967.
Kalba, Khatm Al-Melaha
N 24º 59' 21.04" E 56º 20' 50.59"
Khorfakkan, Al-Modaify
N 25º 22' 26.96" E 56º 20' 36.09"
Khorfakkan, Luluya
N 25º 22' 48.85" E 56º 21' 22.65"
Khorfakkan, Wadi Shie
N 25º 20' 49.65" E 56º 19' 37.92"The rock art of Sharjah Emirate is the first rock art discovered in the whole of the Al-Hajar Mountains, it is a very interesting and varied thematic ...
7968.
United Republic of Tanzania,
Shortcomings in the management and lack of resources (issues resolved)
Residents allowed to grow crops inside the World Heritage site (issue resolved)
Construction of an access road
Increased overgrazing
Tourist vehicle activity
,The 25th session of the Committee requested a report from the State Party on the encroachment situation ...
7969.
The Cultural Landscape of the Complex of Las Huaringas Lagoons, is located in the highlands of the department of Piura, in the provinces of Huancabamba and Ayabaca, above the 1750 and 3650 m.a.s.l., it develops in a close physiographic space, wide towards the south and constrained in the far north; its relief was modelled due to the union of the eastern mountain range with ...
7970.
50 Years of UNESCO World Heritage in partnership with National Geographic
For 50 years now, UNESCO World Heritage has been a source of resilience, humanity and innovation. Through 30 splendid photographs, accompany us on a virtual world tour, focused on the future and youth.
Temporal Illusion, Pyramids of Giza, UNESCO World Heritage, Cairo, Egypt, 2018
Memphis and ...
7971.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,a) Extensive poaching of large mammals, in particular elephants;
b) Mining activities inside the property;
c) Uncontrolled migration into the villages located within the property;
d) Illegal timber exploitation in the Ituri Forest, which might affect the property in the near future;
e) Planned rehabilitation of the National Road RN4 ...
7972.
Peru,a) Delays in reviewing the master plan and developing detailed yearly operational plans, and inadequate budgetary support for effective implementation;
b) No evaluation of transport options, related geological studies, or the impact of bus traffic on increasing the risk of landslides;
c) Lack of impact studies related to the carrying capacity of the Citadel and Inca ...
7973.
Syrian Arab Republic,Before the conflict:
Society valuing of heritage (Poor state of conservation)
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system (Inappropriate restoration techniques)
Legal framework (Lack of a buffer zone) (issue resolved)
Management System/Management Plan (Lack of a management plan)
Housing (Development projects threatening the emblematic ...
7974.
United Republic of Tanzania,
Geothermal energy development project (issue resolved)
Buildings and Development (potential impact of a lodge development project on the crater rim, proposed museum building at Laetoli)
Transportation infrastructure (impact of the project for upgrading Lodoare Gate to Golini Main Road, construction of the southern bypass road and access road to ...
7975.
The Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Head Office and Garden complex opened to the public in 1969. Four decades later, it was classified as the first Portuguese modern National Monument [Decree no. 18/2010, Official Gazette, 1st series, no. 250, of 28-12-2010]. It is a masterpiece of modern architecture and an example of a perfect relationship between interior and exterior ...
7976.
Serbia,, Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (Serbia) (C 724 bis) (see Annexes 1, 2 and 3)
Annex 1
Document WHC-09/33.COM/7A, page 92
EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA
27. Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (Serbia) (C 724 bis)
See Document WHC-09/33.COM/7A.Add (Application of the Reinforced monitoring mechanism)
Annex ...
7977.
United Republic of Tanzania,a) Increased human pastoral population;
b) Immigration; Poaching;
c) Spread of invasive species;
d) Tourism pressure;
e) Encroachment and cultivation,On 8 January 2007, the World Heritage Centre received a report from the State Party on the state of conservation of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The State Party reported on progress in ...
7978.
Belize,
Sale and lease of public lands within the property;
Destruction of fragile ecosystems due to resort / housing development;
Oil concessions within the marine area;
Introduced species.
,From 4 to 9 February 2013, an IUCN monitoring mission visited the property, as requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 36th session (Saint-Petersburg, 2012). The mission ...
7979.
Mixed Cultural/Natural Properties. This property is a mixed cultural and natural serial site comprising five (5) sites, largely uninhabited coral atolls and islands with numerous coral reefs system, which are currently earmarked as proposed marine protected areas targeted under the current Community Based Coastal and Marine Conservation Programme undertaken by Conservation ...
7980.
Russian Federation,a) Gradual changes to the urban fabric: construction and restoration projects
b) Inappropriate urban development
c) Major changes to the property’s skyline through the construction of the new Cathedral of the Assumption
d) High rise projects,The State Party submitted a 2009/2010 state of conservation report which provides information on thirteen ...
7981.
South Africa,The following threats were identified at the time of inscription of the property on the World Heritage List:
a) Theft and vandalism;
b) Pollution of the Vaal River;
c) Lack of tourism management, particularly access. ,At the time of its inscription in 2005, the World Heritage Committee noted that the nominated property requires special management and ...
7982.
United States of America,a) Quantity and quality of water entering the property;
b) Urban encroachment;
c) Agricultural fertiliser pollution;
d) Mercury contamination of fish and wildlife;
e) Lowered water levels due to flood control measures;
f) Damage from hurricanes. ,The State Party submitted a report on 30 January 2008, describing progress in implementing the ...
7983.
Pakistan,Urban pressure; Lack of capacity in conservation techniques; Lack of management mechanism (including legislation); Lack of monitoring system; Lack of human and financial resources; Transfer of custody.,The amount of US$ 50,000, approved by the Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee in June 2004 as Emergency Assistance for the property, was decentralized to ...
7984.
Russian Federation,
Management systems/ management plan (Lack of Management Plan)
Legal framework (Weakening of conservation controls and laws)
Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation (Impacts of proposed tourism infrastructure development)
Ground transport infrastructure (Road construction)
Illegal activities (Deforestation)
,On 31 January 2020, the State Party ...
7985.
Iraq,
Legal Framework
Need to conduct further studies regarding minimum water flows, to confirm the biodiversity within the property and its surrounding landscapes
Incomplete designation of all the components of the property as legally protected areas
Need to regulate oil and gas concessions, and other potentially impacting activities in the buffer zones of the ...
7986.
Sweden,Factors identified at the time of inscription of the property :
necessity to continue the work with local Saami people
extend the inventories on species
consolidate the management plan
,On 5 November 2020, the State Party submitted information on the proposed Kallak (Gállok) mine project in the vicinity of the property, including a document titled Kallak and the ...
7987.
China,Uncontrolled urban development and expansion of tourism-related facilities in and adjacent to the boundary of the property ; Negative impact of the rehabilitation projects on the protection of the traditional urban tissue of the historic centre. ,Following Decision 28 COM 15B.55 of the Committee at its 28th session (Suzhou, 2004) and at the invitation of the ...
7988.
41 C/REP/19
7989.
7990.
Pobiti Kamani ("upright stones" - fossil forest) are calcareous columns formed by natural forces. They exist at an astonishing scale. The Monument is comprised of smaller and bigger stone groups distributed in 8 km long belt with South - North direction in the region of Varna, along the northern Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The stone columns vary in size - up to 10 m height ...
7991.
Persepolis is one of the three properties included in the World Heritage List in 1979, belonging to the Achaemanid dynasty and is the most complete architectural form and city planning of this period. This property had been not only a political center but also a religious one. Moreover, the existence of the sacred mount of Mehr (Rahmat) in the neighborhood of Persepolis ...
7992.
Serpent Mound, in Adams County, is the largest documented surviving example of a prehistoric effigy mound in the world. It is a sinuous earthen embankment 411 meters long, including an oval embankment at one end, which has been interpreted variously as the serpent's eye, part of its head, or a secondary object, such as an egg, grasped in the serpent's open jaws. ...
7993.
Italy Italie Italia Италия إيطاليا 意大利 The Italian Republic
7994.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,Poaching; Management issues,The joint project to rehabilitate this Park run by the Frankfurt Zoological Society/WWF/World Heritage Fund with IUCN cooperation has met with considerable success since no more rhinoceros have been poached in the last five years, the rhinoceros population has increased by 50% and a better management regime has ...
7995.
Senegal,Road project; Poaching; Management issues,IUCN reported to the Thirteenth Session of the Bureau a proposal of the Government of Senegal to construct a new road to connect two villages on either side of the park using a route which would bisect the park. IUCN had conducted an environmental impact study of the proposal for the EEC and suggested an alternative route ...
7996.
Ecuador,Proposed reduction of the boundaries; Colonization pressure,In August 1991, IUCN informed the Secretariat of a proposal for a road construction project in this site and requested the Secretariat to obtain information on the proposal from the Ecuadorean authorities. The Secretariat transmitted the information provided by IUCN to the Ecuadorean authorities by letter ...
7997.
Niger,
Armed conflict
Poaching
,The site was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1992 as it was affected by civil disturbances. The Committee at its nineteenth session recalled that a peace agreement was signed on 9 October 1994 and that it had encouraged the authorities to implement it and to undertake all efforts to safeguard the site. In 1995 a dialogue ...
7998.
Central African Republic,
Heavy poaching;
Lack of management plan;
Possible transfer of the management of the site to a private foundation
,The Committee, at its last session (Naples, 1997), was seriously concerned about the uncontrolled poaching by armed groups which had led to the death of four members of the Park staff, decimated more than 80% of the Park's wildlife ...
7999.
Khan Palace: N44 34 55 E33 52 55
Chufut-Kale: N44 44 27 E33 55 55
The Bakhchysarai valley has been inhabited by different nationalities and tribes since the ancient times. The oldest cave sites of the Mousterian epoch (50-40 thousand years ago) were located in the territory of Staroselye-Salachik. There are several monuments of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the ...
8000.
Uganda,a) Mining activities inside the property;
b) Staffing and budgetary deficiencies;
c) Degradation of buffer zone;
d) Impact of tourism and climbing expeditions;
e) Climate Change.,Rwenzori Mountains National Park was inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1999, following the suspension of conservation activities and projects as a result of serious ...
8001.
Azerbaijan,a) Changing urban fabric due to the demolition of buildings and uncontrolled construction within the Walled City;
b) Overall lack of any management system and in particular insufficient coordination between the national and municipal authorities;
c) Absence of a comprehensive management plan that addresses conservation problems, urban development control and ...
8002.
Mozambique,a) Delay in implementing rehabilitation of the San Sebastian Fortress;
b) Management Plan not yet finalised;
c) Lack of site manager;
d) Buildings threatened with collapse;
e) Lack of development control and threats to authenticity;
f) Lack of adequate sewage system.,In February 2007, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report stating the ...
8003.
South Africa,
Lack of a proper buffer zone;
Lack of a management plan;
Mining activities;
Development pressure.
,The State Party submitted a state of conservation report on 29 January 2013. This report addressed the requests of the World Heritage Committee at its last session in relation to the impact of open-cast coal mining, the drafting of the management plan, ...
8004.
The church of Panagia Aggeloktisti is situated in the Larnaka district, in the north-western end of the village of Kiti, 12 km from the city of Larnaka and the ancient city of Kition. It is domed and built on a cross-in-square plan. The church, as it stands today, dates to the 11th century and was built over the ruins of a 5th century early Christian basilica, the ...
8005.
This is a serial proposal of 9 primarily commercial buildings in Chicago’s central business district, the “Loop.” The buildings, built over a period of about 20 years starting in the 1880s, exemplify the first generation of “skyscrapers.” Making use of new technologies of the time, particularly internal metal structural systems instead of load-bearing masonry walls, they ...
8006.
India,a) Insurgency 1988-2003;
b) Forced evacuation of Park staff;
c) Destruction of Park infrastructure;
d) Poaching and logging;
e) Illegal cultivation.,At the time of preparation of this report, the State Party had not submitted a state of conservation report, which was requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 33rd session (Seville, Spain). Therefore, progress ...
8007.
Mexico,,The ICOMOS Reactive Monitoring mission, carried out from 23 to 29 November 2002, had as objective to review existing legal provisions, administrative aspects of site management and recent studies and actions undertaken. For the natural and urban areas of Xochimilco, the following important studies and actions have been undertaken for the conservation and management ...
8008.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
Need for information on the management (issue resolved)
Site Museum project (issue resolved)
Upgrading of the A303 trunk road project
Risks of collapse of Silbury Hill (issue resolved)
Infrastructure development pressure
Lack of visitor management (issue resolved)
Proposals for sections of dual carriageway and ...
8009.
Saudi Arabia,
Detailed Conservation Strategy not finalized
High rate of decay of the historic houses
Housing
Management systems/ management plan: Management system not in place
Need for a risk management and prevention plan
Projects and development work with the potential to impact the authenticity of the property
,On 27 November 2020, the State Party submitted a report on ...
8010.
Sri Lanka,
Commercial development
Illegal activities
Management systems/ management plan
Marine transport infrastructure
,On 9 December 2022 the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/451/documents/. Progress in a number of conservation issues addressed by the Committee at its previous sessions is ...
8011.
Gedi lies on the coastal region of Kenya, 94 km north of Mombasa town, another historic town. Gedi was a small town built entirely from rocks and stones, which was inhabited by Swahili people of East Africa. This historic town date back from the 15th century, and through careful preservation most of the original foundations can still be seen today. In 1927, the Gedi ...
8012.
Northern area, Carrowmore 51: UTM E 531369.2226 / N6011311.2566Southern area, Carrowkeel, Cairn F: UTM E174936.4226 N311386.5307
County Sligo possesses approximately one hundred intensely interconnected megalithic passage tomb sites and undisturbed cairns in often dramatic topographical environments.
The site can be visualised as a northern coastal group of passage tombs ...
8013.
Coordinates:
- Cashel: N52 31 17 W7 53 16
- Dún Ailinne: N53 7 3 W6 45 50
- Hill of Uisneach: N53 29 16 W7 31 43
- Rathcroghan Complex: N53 46 46 W8 15 18
- Tara Complex: N53 35 9 W6 33 42
The Royal sites grouped here were all sites of major royal inauguration, ceremony and assembly, representing each of the four Irish provinces: Ulster, Leinster, Munster and Connaught, as ...
8014.
Jerusalem at the crossroads between the watershed route of the Judean Mountains being midway between Nablus and Hebron and the connection from the coastal Via Maris to the Jordan Rift Valley, has historically given it strategic importance. This meeting place between East and West has, over the ages, become cultural as well as physical.The Old City and Ramparts of Jerusalem ...
8015.
The Mount Hermon is located in the south of Beqaa on the border between Syria and Lebanon, reachable from Rachaya, considered one of the most picturesque Lebanon’s town, where the citadel of independence and old souks date back to the 17th century.
The name Hermon is derived from the root ḥrm "sacred", called also Jabal al-shaykh "mountain of the chief" (in Arabic), rises ...
8016.
The property is a mixed cultural and natural site covering the middle and upper reaches of the Sepik River basin including slopes of the Central Range and potentially the Torricelli and Prince Alexander mountains. The Sepik River at 1126 km in length and covering an area of 7.7 million hectares is one of the world's greatest river systems. It is the largest ...
8017.
Within the framework for the project on the Development for Cultural and Ecotourism in the Mountainous Regions of Central and South Asia, there is very positive news concerning activities carried out by UNESCO project partners in Ladakh, India - the Snow Leopard Conservancy (SLC), in Murghab, Tajikistan (ACTED), and in the mountainous region surrounding Lake Issy Kul, ...
8018.
In November 2006, the World Heritage Centre signed a multi-year Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Simmons College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, to establish the first World Heritage Digital Center (WHDC) under the leadership of Dr. Ching-chih Chen, information technology Professor at Simmons Graduate School of Library and Information Science. "The World Heritage Centre ...
8019.
Christchurch, New Zealand - The World Heritage Committee on Tuesday decided to inscribe the three new sites on UNESCO's World Heritage List: the Rainforests of the Atsinanana (Madagascar); South China Karst (China); and Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes (Republic of Korea). The Rainforests of the Atsinanana comprise six national parks distributed along the eastern ...
8020.
From 18 to 29 October, the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP) of the Convention on Biological Diversity is taking place in Nagoya, Japan. The COP marks the 20th anniversary of the Convention and is one of the highlights of the 2010 International Year of Biodiversity. An important objective of the meeting is to adopt a revised and updated Strategic Plan including ...
8021.
To contribute to the 2012 celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the World Heritage Convention, the Cultural Heritage Administration of the Republic of Korea (CHA) and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (WHC) recently launched the World Heritage Youth Storyboard Competition at the national level. Adapting the theme of the 40th anniversary on the role ...
8022.
On 14 January 2015, a fire has once again ravaged the Palace of the King Houegbadja in the Royal Palaces of Abomey World Heritage property in Benin.
Thankfully there were no victims. Despite the efforts of firefighters, all of the thatched roofs of the palace complex were burned. As they were built from fire-resistant earthen architecture, the walls of the palace buildings ...
8023.
The World Heritage Centre is pleased to announce the Call for Participants for the World Heritage Volunteers 2015 and #Unite4Heritage common action.
This common action aims to encourage young people from the Arab States[1] countries to take part in one of ten selected World Heritage Volunteers Action Camps 2015, at locations around the world.
The aim of this action is to ...
8024.
The 5th Annual Coordination Meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage related category 2 Institutes and Centres took place in Dehradun, India on 22 November 2016. The UNESCO Category 2 Centre (C2C) on Natural World Heritage Management and Training for Asia and the Pacific Region (NWHMT) at the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) hosted the meeting on its campus.
Four ...
8025.
UNESCO led an emergency mission to Aleppo from 16 to 19 January to undertake a preliminary assessment of the extent of damages at the World Heritage site of the Ancient City of Aleppo, as well as the state of educational institutions in the city.
The UNESCO team reported extensive damage at the Great Umayyad Mosque, the Citadel, mosques, churches, suqs, khans, madrassas, ...
8026.
3 October 2017 – A stunning exhibit of the world’s most iconic coral reef systems opened today at the Aquarium of Paris. The display sheds light on the condition of these coral reef systems inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Through a series of photos, virtual reality experiences, films and educational activities for children, the exhibit will raise awareness of ...
8027.
On 28-29 September 2017, the Heads of eight bio-diversity-related Conventions, known as the Liaison Group of Biodiversity-related Conventions (BLG), met at FAO Headquarters to discuss ways to join forces in support of global biodiversity and sustainable development agendas.
“We all recognize that the loss of biodiversity has clear ramifications for global food security and ...
8028.
As we celebrate International Day for Monuments and Sites 2019, with the theme of Rural landscapes, we highlight the value of conserving this heritage formed through long-term, harmonious interaction between humankind and the natural environment. Protecting these landscapes is key for sustainable development.
Rural landscapes are biocultural mosaics—using land sustainably ...
8029.
Heritage authorities from six heritage cities in Asia, Pacific and Africa gather in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, from 20 to 21 June 2019 to attend a workshop entitled “Experience Sharing Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Strategy among Heritage Cities in Southeast Asia, Pacific and Africa“ held by UNESCO Office Jakarta in collaboration with George Town World ...
8030.
The World Heritage Committee, meeting in Baku since 30 June, decided to remove the site of Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works (Chile) from the List of World Heritage in Danger thanks to the national authorities’ measures to ensure its sustainable conservation and management.
The Saltpeter Works were inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2005 and, simultaneously, ...
8031.
The theme of this year’s World Tourism Day is, ‘Tourism and jobs, a better future for all.’ Given the booming worldwide travel industry, tourism now generates 10% of the world’s jobs or 313 million employees.Tourism is increasingly a major source of growth, employment and income for many of the world’s countries, and is included in Sustainable Development Goal 8 for its ...
8032.
International Day for Disaster Reduction promotes a global culture of risk awareness and disaster reduction by celebrating how people around the world are reducing their exposure to disasters.
This year’s theme is based on one Target of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030: ‘Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and ...
8033.
Three participants from Ethiopia, together with 16 other representatives from Anglophone Africa, are taking part in an online World Heritage Nomination Workshop for Advanced Dossiers under the framework of the World Heritage Nomination Capacity Building Programme from 10 to 17 September 2020.
The online workshop, which was organized by the African World Heritage Fund ...
8034.
Unprecedented fires are blazing through the Pantanal, threatening numerous endangered species and the highly valuable ecosystem. The Rapid Response Facility, a joint initiative of UNESCO and Fauna and Flora International (FFI), is supporting firefighting activity in the Pantanal Biosphere Reserve to prevent fires from spreading into the Pantanal Conservation Area World ...
8035.
International Day for Biological Diversity 2022 is being celebrated under the theme: Building a shared future for all life.
This slogan is very fitting as the 1972 World Heritage Convention celebrates its 50th anniversary and we reflect on the next 50 years of the Convention and its shared future for all life.
It follows the 50th anniversary of UNESCO's Man and the ...
8036.
African World Heritage Day is celebrated annually on the 5th of May to remember and acknowledge the importance of promoting and safeguarding the UNESCO World Heritage in Africa for the benefit of present and future generations. To celebrate the 7th edition of African World Heritage Day, the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (WHC), in collaboration with the African World ...
8037.
The 5th World Heritage Site Managers' Forum (WHSMF23), in conjunction with the 45th extended session of the World Heritage Committee, started its first online session on 19 June 2023. This year's Forum, with the theme "Managing World Heritage for the Next 50 Years" is being hosted by the Ministry of Culture of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, represented by the National ...
8038.
A highly anticipated inception workshop titled "Heritage for Peace: Enhancing Transboundary and Regional Cooperation for Natural and Mixed World Heritage Sites in Asia" was successfully held on 6 July 2023, in an online format. This experts’ workshop marked a crucial step towards promoting transboundary conservation efforts and unlocking the immense potential of Asia's ...
8039.
Working On The Future
After seventeen years of grassroots youth activities and international cooperation, the World Heritage Volunteers (WHV) Initiative continue to involve young people, communities and site managers in building together new, inclusive societies where World Heritage is a source of resilience, humanity and innovation, beyond the challenges that faces the ...
8040.
Case Studies on Climate Change and World Heritage
This publication highlights the impacts of climate change on 26 natural and cultural World Heritage properties, along with ongoing and planned adaptation and mitigation measures. There are five chapters on glaciers, marine biodiversity, terrestrial biodiversity, archaeological sites, and historic cities and settlements, and ...
8041.
Italy,,Following information about a planned waste dump and a development project in the vicinity of the World Heritage property, the World Heritage Centre requested the State Party to submit details on the above. On 27 March and 5 April 2012, the State Party submitted a response including maps, and on 30 May 2012 a further response on the status of the waste dump ...
8042.
Belize,,There is a great demand for land on which to carry out tourism related real estate development projects in the Caribbean. The many islands of the Belize Barrier Reef have not escaped global investor attention and in this regard, projects are already being aggressively pursued (see for example: http/:www.treasurecovebelize.com).
In late 2007, the World Heritage ...
8043.
Egypt,
Growing number of visitors (issue resolved)
Uncontrolled development of the nearby village (issue resolved)
Deterioration of the stones (issue resolved)
Road construction project (issue resolved)
Tunnel construction project (issue resolved)
Urban encroachment
Infrastructure and tourism developments
Development projects (highway or tunnel)
,At the time of ...
8044.
Panama,a) Deterioration and destruction of the fabric of the sites by environmental factors, lack of maintenance,as well as polluted water;
b) Erosion;
c) Absence of management policies;
d) Uncontrolled urban development
e) Tourism pressures (in particular at Portobelo).,The State Party sent information that confirmed damage that had already been detected in 2001, ...
8045.
Georgia,a) General need for interior and exterior conservation work on the monuments;
b) Insufficient coordination between the Georgian Church and the national authorities;
c) Lack of co-ordinated management system;
d) Major reconstruction of the structure of Bagrati Cathedral.,The World Heritage Committee at its 29th session (Durban, 2005) encouraged the State Party to ...
8046.
Algeria,
Natural erosion;
Lack of maintenance of housing;
Loss of traditional conservation techniques;
Uncontrolled land-use;
Constant collapse of houses (three dead and others injured in May 2002);
Conservation Plan existing but not operational;
Lack of coordination activities at the property.
,Referring to the decion of the 28th session of the Committee (Suzhou, 2004), ...
8047.
China,
Bad state of conservation of many buildings
Need to better manage visitors
Urban development project
Air pollution
,The Bureau, at its twentieth extraordinary session in 1996, recommended that the Chinese authorities adopt a development plan for the town of Chengde in line with World Heritage conservation needs. The Chinese authorities reported to the Secretariat, ...
8048.
Yemen,
Renovations seriously threatening the authenticity and integrity of the Great Mosque
No system for the evacuation of waste water
Increase of the permanent humidity of the ground, posing the threat of erosion to the brick walls
Need for a safeguarding and urbanism plan
Lack of traditional materials (noura bricks)
Lack of coordination between the ...
8049.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
Commercial development in the area surrounding the site
Redevelopment of a complex for visitor facilities
Need for an integrated management plan
,WHC:
UNESCO and IUCN carried out a monitoring mission to this site from 16 to 19 February 2003, as requested by the 26th session of the Committee. The mission team was ...
8050.
Mexico,
Urban pressure (issue resolved);
Lack of monitoring system (issue resolved);
Earthquake in 1999 (issue resolved).
,In 2012, information on the Integral Project for motorways and bridges was received from the State Party and in 2013, information was received regarding the construction of a cable car. Additional information was requested by the World Heritage Centre ...
8051.
Benin,
Absence of a national legislative mechanism for the protection of cultural heritage (issue resolved)
Major deterioration of almost 50% of the earthen structural components (issue resolved)
Lack of presentation and interpretation at the site (issue resolved)
Lack and loss of documentation on the site (issue resolved)
Lack of sharing of knowledge between site managers ...
8052.
Russian Federation,
Illegal salmon fishing
Gold mining
Gas pipeline
Development of a geothermal power station
Forest fires
Boundary changes
Construction of the Esso-Palana road
Need for the development of a comprehensive national legal framework for the protection and management of natural properties
Decline in populations of wild reindeer and snow sheep
Lack of management ...
8053.
Iran (Islamic Republic of),Threats identified at the time of inscritpion of the property:
Speed of the vehicles passing along the buffer zone
High-voltage power transmission lines and Zahedan-Zabol main road within the buffer zone
No archaeological map of the landscape zone of Shahr-i Sokhta published yet
,On 18 March 2016, the State Party submitted a report on the state ...
8054.
Azerbaijan,
Changing urban fabric due to the demolition of buildings and uncontrolled construction within the Walled City (issue resolved)
Overall lack of any management system and in particular insufficient coordination between the national and municipal authorities (issue resolved)
Absence of a comprehensive management plan that addresses conservation problems, urban ...
8055.
Iraq,
Major looting of Iraqi archaeological sites (issue resolved)
Destruction and damage due to the armed conflict
,On 31 January 2017, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/277/documents. Progress in a number of conservation issues addressed by the Committee at its previous sessions is presented in ...
8056.
France,
Project of new buildings within the historic setting (issue resolved)
Fire at the Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris on 15 April 2019
,On 15 April 2019, a fire devastated the Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris, one of the components of the “Paris, Banks of the Seine” property.
On 5 June 2019, in response to a letter from the World Heritage Centre informing the French State ...
8057.
Berlin Exhibition Grounds, Berlin, Germany,As part of its tourism programme, UNESCO World Heritage Centre will host its first stand ever at the International Tourism Exchange (ITB), the world's largest travel and tourism trade fair, which will be held in Berlin, Germany from 12–16 March 2004. UNESCO has hosted workshops at ITB every year since 1999, but this is the ...
8058.
,The theme of the 12th International Seminar of Forum UNESCO – University and Heritage (FUUH) is both ambitious and crucial to the future of heritage conservation as well as to the development of communities, cities and civil society at large.
The Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) Concept includes the broader territorial and landscape context and therefore goes far beyond ...
8059.
Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, UK,For the past ten years the Cambridge Heritage Seminars have brought together researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to explore the most pressing issues in heritage studies today.
This year, for its tenth anniversary, coinciding with the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the University of ...
8060.
UNESCO headquarter,On the occasion of European Heritage Days, UNESCO will open its doors to the public on Saturday 17 and Sunday 18 September 2022, from 10 am to 6 pm.
This year’s edition will be marked by the 50th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention and will feature a unique exhibition by contemporary painter Sacha Jafri.
In addition to opening its emblematic ...
8061.
,In the framework of the ‘European Month in Cuba’, the EU-funded UNESCO Transcultura Programme is organizing an event on the management of heritage coastal defence systems in Europe and the Caribbean as a resource for developing the cultural and creative sectors.
Fortifications represent a common heritage between Europe and the Caribbean, stemming from their intertwined ...
8062.
Uniting the Seas (Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas) in favour of World Heritage Education for Sustainable Development with the support of ICTs
The GVRR project aims to link young people engaged in the preservation and promotion of World Heritage and Biosphere sites and sustainable development issues among the countries located along the Volga River and on the banks of the ...
8063.
This special issue of World Heritage is about interlinkages between nature and culture.
One of the defining characteristics of the World Heritage Convention is that the governance of both natural and cultural values of Outstanding Universal Value falls under one international instrument, but we have still to harness the full potential it offers to recognize and build on ...
8064.
Oc Eo - Ba The archaeological site is located in the southwestwards of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, in Oc Eo town, Thoai Son district, An Giang province. It’s 40km away from Long Xuyen city, An Giang province to the northeast and 40km away from Rach Gia city, Kien Giang province to the southwest. This property has about 40 cultural relics of various types of ...
8065.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,a) Urban development pressure;
b) New constructions in the area surrounding the property;
c) Lack of strategic plans for future development that set out clear strategies for the overall townscape and for the skyline and river front taking into account the townscape characteristics and important views related to the ...
8066.
Cellular Jail is situated on South Andaman Island, one of 572 islands forming Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. Inhabited since 2000 years, the islands were occupied by Europeans in the middle of 18th century. Few years later, British established naval base and a penal settlement on Chatham Island which was later shifted Viper Island.
The idea of ...
8067.
Budapest, Hungary. The World Heritage Committee, meeting in Budapest since June 24, has inscribed today 9 new sites on the World Heritage List. The List now numbers 730 sites of "outstanding universal value" in 125 countries. For the first time, a site from Afghanistan appears on the List. The 9 inscriptions this year include only cultural sites.Simultaneously with its ...
8068.
Istanbul, Turkey 17 July—The World Heritage Committee, on the last afternoon of its 40th session which opened on 10 July, inscribed eight new sites on the List: one transnational site (in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan), and others in Canada, Chad, China, Iraq, Iran, Mexico and Sudan.
The newly inscribed natural sites are:
Hubei Shennongjia (China)—Located in Hubei ...
8069.
On 5 July 2023, five new projects in the field of cultural heritage were launched during a kick-off coordination meeting between UNESCO and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Over US$ 10 million will be provided across three years in the framework of the Fund-in-Trust Agreement signed in January 2020 between UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
“The ...
8070.
Sri Lanka,a) Post tsunami response;
b) Need for development and management plan;,Following concerns expressed by the National Commission of Sri Lanka with regard to the construction of an international test cricket stadium in the buffer zone of the property, as well as a port development project in the Bay of Galle, two missions have been undertaken to assess the situation ...
8071.
Syrian Arab Republic,a) Poor state of conservation;
b) Inappropriate restoration techniques;
c) Lack of a buffer zone;
d) Lack of a management plan.,Since its inscription on the World Heritage List, the conservation of the Ancient City of Damascus has not been addressed in a comprehensive study and no global conservation actions have been taken. It is urgent to point out ...
8072.
Italy,Construction of roads and high voltage power line in the immediate vicinity of the property; Absence of boundaries for the property; Lack of Management Plan that addresses conservation issues, development control, tourism management and future rock art research; Construction of metal walkway.,Following the decision of the World Heritage Committee at its 28th session ...
8073.
Morocco,Urban Pressure, Tourism Pressure; Lack of management mechanism (including legislation); Lack of human or financial resources. ,The State Party sent a report to the Secretariat in January 2004 with regard to the decision taken at its 27th session, where the Committee expressed its concern with regard to the state of abandonment and degradation, the lack of ...
8074.
Colombia,
Armed conflict;
Illegal extraction of natural resources;
Threats from major infrastructure projects;
Lack of control of management agency.
,On 1 February 2013, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report to the World Heritage Centre, as requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 36th session (Saint-Petersburg, 2012). In its Decision 36 COM ...
8075.
Panama,
Continued and growing presence of cattle;
Delayed implementation of the Management Plan for the Special Zone of Marine Protection;
Planned construction of a naval base;
Absence of clear regulations relating to the property;
Commercial and sport fishing;
Insufficient management capacity at the property.
,The State Party submitted a state of conservation report on 26 ...
8076.
Sudan,
Deterioration as a result of exposure to difficult environmental conditions such as wind with sand and floods;
Urban encroachment;
Absence of a management plan with government commitment.
,The State Party did not submit a state of conservation report as requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 35th session (UNESCO, 2011). There is therefore no information on ...
8077.
United Republic of Tanzania,
Increased human population
Poaching
Spread of invasive species
Tourism pressure
Grazing pressure
Governance of the property and community involvement
Challenging situation of community livelihoods
Potential impact of lodge development project on the crater rim
Impact of project for upgrading Lodoare Gate to Golini Main Road and access road to ...
8078.
Egypt,
Earthquake in 1992 (issue resolved)
Inappropriate restoration works (issue resolved)
Rise of the underground water level
Dilapidated infrastructure
Neglect and lack of maintenance
Overcrowded areas and buildings
Uncontrolled development
Absence of a comprehensive Urban Conservation Plan
Absence of an integrated socio-economic revitalization plan linking the urban ...
8079.
Russian Federation,
Inadequate coordinated management between national, local and religious authorities
Lack of appropriate legal measures and rules for conservation, restoration, management and use of World Heritage properties of religious interest
Poor state of conservation of the monastic irrigation system
Inappropriate location of the planned Museum ...
8080.
Australia,
Potential extension of a mining lease (issue resolved)
,In recent years, particularly 2018 and 2019, the World Heritage Centre received various third party information raising concerns about development proposals in the vicinity of the property and their potential threats to its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), particularly the construction of the Western ...
8081.
Cameroon,
Mining exploitation project close to the property
Lack of implementation and full approval and of the management plan
Agricultural and forest encroachment
Industrial agriculture of Hévéa in the contiguous zone
Threats exerted by commercial hunting and deforestation around the property
Mekin hydroelectric dam
Poaching
Risk of loss of ecological connectivity
,On 24 ...
8082.
Chad,Factors identified at the time of inscription in 2016:
Need to strengthen the legal protection status of the property and to extend the property to include all attributes of the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV)
Inadequate management plan and lack of management authority
Need for a zonation which allows full protection of the key areas for biodiversity
Need to ...
8083.
Viet Nam,
Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community (Population growth)
Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation
Housing
Industrial areas
Financial and human resources
Management systems / management plan
,On 30 November 2022, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property, available at ...
8084.
Republic of Korea,
Management systems/ management plan (Development of a sustainable tourism management plan)
Commercial development; Housing (High-rise developments in the vicinity of the component parts)
,On 1 February 2024, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, a summary of which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1319/documents/. The ...
8085.
Beijing & Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China,The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, known as the Belt and Road Initiative or One Belt One Road, focuses on connectivity and cooperation among more than 60 countries, representing more than a third of the global economy and more than half of the World’s population.
The scope and extent of the Belt ...
8086.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,a) Armed conflict, lack of security and political instability;
b) Poaching by the army and armed groups;
c) Conflicts with local communities concerning Park boundaries;
d) Impact of villages located within the property.
,On 2 February 2012, a report on the state of conservation of the property was submitted by the State Party with ...
8087.
Iraq,
Legal Framework
Need to conduct further studies regarding minimum water flows, to confirm the biodiversity within the property and its surrounding landscapes
Incomplete designation of all the components of the property as legally protected areas
Need to regulate oil and gas concessions, and other potentially impacting activities in the buffer zones of the ...
8088.
Name of element
Central Point
Latitude
Longitude
Altitude
No. in the Military Map of Portugal
Border Garrison Town of Elvas and its fortifications
Castle’s Keep
38º 52’ 50.413’’N
-7º 09’ 51.822’’W
324m
414
Stronghold of Almeida
Liberty Square
40º 43’ 29’’ N
-6º 54’ 23’’ W
750m
183
Fortress of Marvão
Pelourinho Square
39º 23’ ...
8089.
In Europe the limes was established under Augustus was moved ahead under Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian and Antoninus Pius between the rivers Rhine and Danube, in the territory of the United Kingdom and Romania, was moved back under Gallienus and Aurelian in the 3rd century, and given up in the course of the 5th century. The boundary of this late Roman sector is in the Balkan, ...
8090.
Mount Kitanglad Range Natural Park: N8 8 34 E124 54 45
Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park: N7 57 18 E124 48 09
Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park (MKRNP) and Mt. Kalatungan Range Natural Park (MKaRNP) are legislated protected areas located in the Province of Bukidnon, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Both are cultural and biodiversity important areas with unique landscapes ...
8091.
In March 2012, the Cultural Heritage Administration of the Republic of Korea (CHA) and the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (WHC) launched the Patrimonito National Storyboard Competition, Republic of Korea.
Of the 143 student submissions, 10 of the storyboards were selected by the Korean Cultural Heritage Administration and were then sent to the UNESCO World ...
8092.
Peru,
Fires in 1998 and 2001 (issue resolved);
Non-formalization of the procedures to set up a Management Coordination Unit to implement the Strategic Plan;
Revision of the Master and Strategic Plans;
New development projects within the Historic Centre including urban transportation systems (Corredor Segregado) and interventions in historical buildings;
Development of the ...
8093.
Kenya,a) Illegal Forest resource extraction;
b) Community-wildlife conflict;
c) Poaching;
d) Excisions from the property. ,IUCN, through its World Commission on Protected Areas (IUCN WCPA) received reports in October 2007 of fencing encroaching on the boundaries of the World Heritage property. Further investigation suggests that the fence would create a barrier ...
8094.
India,a) Infrastructure construction near inscribed monuments;
b) Lack of management mechanism;
c) Lack of building and land-use regulations;
d) Tourism development pressures.,A series of consultative meetings were organised from 3 to 6 August 2005 in Hampi and Bangalore, financed under the World Heritage Fund,to review the management planning process. Through the active ...
8095.
Indonesia,Mining, Oil/Gas Exploration; Lack of human or financial resources; Lack of institution coordination. ,In January 2004 IUCN undertook a mission to the site, responding to the invitation extended by the State Party in March 2003. The State Party delegation included representatives from the Indonesian Protected Area Management Agency (PHKA) and Natural ...
8096.
Côte d'Ivoire,
Severe impact caused by heavy wildlife poaching and organized hunting,
Human encroachment particularly by local agricultural communities,
Influx of refugees from the neighbouring countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia
,IUCN has received a copy of the 2001 Tropenbos Côte d’Ivoire report La chasse et la filière viande de brousse dans ...
8097.
Romania,Proposed Dracula Park construction project,WHC:
The Centre has been informed through several press releases of the official decision of the Romanian authorities to relocate the proposed theme park, which was planned in the immediate vicinity of the World Heritage site. No official information from the national authorities had been received by the deadline of 1 ...
8098.
Russian Federation,
Lack of joint management system between national, local and religious authorities (issue resolved);
Lack of monitoring mechanisms;
Lack of appropriate legal measures and rules for conservation, restoration, management and use of World Heritage properties of religious interest.
,In August 2013, a joint World Heritage Centre/ ICOMOS/ICCROM monitoring ...
8099.
Malawi,
Need for a new management plan
Growing population within the Park, heavily dependent on fish and wood as principal resource (issue already mentioned and resolved in the past)
Oil exploration/exploitation
,On 1 February 2014, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report. Subsequently, a joint UNESCO/IUCN reactive monitoring mission visited the property ...
8100.
China,
Apparent decline in wildlife populations
Dams and related infrastructure
Lack of clarity of property boundaries
Mining
Inadequate management planning, including tourism planning
,On 26 January 2015, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1083/documents. The State Party highlights the ...
8101.
State of Palestine,
Potential construction of a separation fence (wall)
Abandonment of terraces and afforestation
Impact of socio-cultural and geo-political transformations
Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system
Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community
Invasive/alien terrestrial species
,On 28 January 2016, the State Party ...
8102.
China,Threats identified at the time of inscription of the property:
Need to revise the system of buffer zones and to consider the definition of priority visibility corridors in order to protect them from the potential impact of new constructions
Finalize the creation of the Monitoring and Archive Centre and improve the historical and archaeological knowledge of the ...
8103.
Gabon,
Lack of management structure to deal with the cultural values of the property
Need for training of conservation managers
Road Development
Project of optical fibre
Poaching
,On 13 January 2017, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1147/documents/ and provides the ...
8104.
Uzbekistan,
Recent hotel constructions which would negatively affect the integrity of the property (issue resolved)
Heavy traffic, pollution and poor sewege system (issue resolved)
Managements systems/management plan (Lack of a proper conservation and management plan)
Management activities (Lack of coordination with regard to the conservation and restoration activities ...
8105.
Russian Federation,
Illegal activities (Illegal salmon fishing)
Mining (gold mining)
Major linear utilities (Gas pipeline)
Renewable energy facilities (Development of a geothermal power station)
Fires
Management and institutional factors (Boundary changes)
Ground transport infrastructure (Construction of the Esso-Palana road)
Legal framework (Need for the development of a ...
8106.
Bolivia (Plurinational State of),
Legal framework (inefficient enforcement of protective legislation)
Management systems/ management plan
Mining (potential degradation of the historic site by continued and uncontrolled mining operations in the Cerro Rico Mountain)
Surface water pollution
Instability and risk of collapse of the Cerro Rico
Deficiencies in conservation: ...
8107.
Czechia,Factors identified at the time of inscription:
Lack of revised management plan, including visitor strategy
Need to improve risk management
High-voltage power lines crossing the landscape and visual impact of the Chvaletice power station
Necessity to ensure the correct interpretation of the site as a cultural landscape
,On 28 January 2020, the State Party submitted ...
8108.
Ecuador,
Urban development pressures affecting the authenticity of the property
Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure (works in the Tower of the Complex of the Compañía de Jesús) (issue resolved)
Management system/plan (weaknesses in the decision-making mechanisms regarding conservation)
Transportation infrastructure (construction of metro, including ...
8109.
China,
Air pollution
Ground transport infrastructure
Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation
Surface water pollution
Site to be overrun with tourist facilities (issue resolved)
Several parts of the site severely impacted by floods in 1998 (issue resolved)
Plan for rehabilitation of damaged areas required (issue resolved)
,On 26 November 2020, the State Party submitted a ...
8110.
Libya,
Invasive/alien terrestrial species
Land conversion
Conflict situation prevailing in the country
Excessive vegetation growth
Natural degradation
Urban encroachment
Local conditions affecting the physical fabric: Impact of humidity and seawater salt on stone masonry
,On 3 February 2022, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, the executive summary of ...
8111.
Gabon,Factors identified at the time of inscription of the property:
concessions in the buffer zone of Ivindo National Park
need to enhance the management, technical and financial capacity
need to update the management plan of the property
,On 22 February 2024, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property, available at ...
8112.
The Founding of Chiang Mai
Chiang Mai was purposefully created by King Mangrai in AD.1296 to be the political, economic, social and cultural center of his newly expanded and integrated kingdom of the Tai people, called "Lanna Kingdom" (kingdom of a million rice fields). It was designed to be located in the landlocked heartland of Southeast Asia, north of modern-day ...