Gaya Tumuli
Gaya Tumuli
This serial property includes archaeological cemetery sites with burial mounds attributed to the Gaya Confederacy, which developed in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula from the 1st to the 6th century CE. Through their geographical distribution and landscape characteristics, types of burials, and grave goods, the cemeteries attest to the distinctive Gaya political system in which polities existed as autonomous political equals while sharing cultural commonalities. The introduction of new forms of tombs and the intensification of the spatial hierarchy in the tumuli sites reflect the structural changes experienced by Gaya society during its history.Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Tumuli de Gaya
Ce bien en série est composé de sites de cimetières archéologiques comprenant des tertres funéraires attribués à la Confédération de Gaya, qui se déploya dans la partie méridionale de la péninsule coréenne du Ier au VIe siècle de notre ère. Par leur répartition géographique et leurs caractéristiques paysagères, leurs types de sépultures et leur mobilier funéraire, les cimetières témoignent du système politique particulier de Gaya, dans lequel les chefferies affiliées existaient en tant qu’entités politiques autonomes et égales, tout en partageant des affinités culturelles. L’introduction de nouvelles formes de tombes et le renforcement de la hiérarchie spatiale dans les sites de tumuli reflètent les changements structurels vécus par la société de Gaya au cours de son histoire.Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
جُثوَة غايا
يتضمن هذا العنصر التسلسلي مقابر أثرية فيها جُثوات تُنسب إلى كونفدرالية غايا التي ازدهرت في الجزء الجنوبي من شبه الجزيرة الكورية بين القرنَين الأول والسادس الميلادي. ويجعل التوازن الجغرافي وخصائص المناظر الطبيعية وأنواع المقابر ومرفقاتها خير شاهد على نظام غايا السياسي المميز الذي أتاح للكيانات السياسية التشكل كأطراف مستقلة ومتساوية سياسياً، وتشاطر العناصر الثقافية. ويجسّد استحداث أشكال جديدة من القبور وتكثيف التسلسل الهرمي المكاني في مواقع الجُثوة التغيرات الهيكلية التي مرَّ بها مجتمع غايا خلال تاريخه
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
伽倻古坟群
这处由墓葬组成的考古遗迹属于伽倻联盟，该联盟于公元1-6世纪在朝鲜半岛南部发展壮大。古坟的地理分布和景观特征、丧葬类型以及随葬品诠释了伽倻独特的政治体系。联盟各成员政治自主、平等共存，同时又具有文化上的共通性。新墓葬形式的引入和墓穴空间等级的强化反映了伽耶社会发展过程中经历的结构性变革。
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Тумулусы Каи
В состав серийного объекта входят археологические кладбища с курганами (тумулусами), относящиеся к Конфедерации Кая, существовавшей на юге Корейского полуострова с I по VI вв. н.э. По своему географическому распределению и ландшафтным характеристикам, типам захоронений и погребальному инвентарю кладбища свидетельствуют о своеобразной политической системе Кая, в которой государства существовали как автономные политические единицы, имея при этом общие культурные особенности. Появление новых форм погребений и усиление пространственной иерархии в тумулусах отражает структурные изменения, происходившие в обществе Кая на протяжении его истории.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Túmulos de Gaya
Este sitio seriado incluye cementerios arqueológicos con túmulos atribuidos a la Confederación de Gaya, que se desarrolló en el sur de la Península de Corea entre los siglos I y VI de nuestra era. Por su disposición geográfica y características paisajísticas, tipos de enterramientos y ajuares funerarios, los cementerios atestiguan el característico sistema político de Gaya, en el que los estados existían como iguales políticos autónomos, al tiempo que compartían rasgos culturales comunes. La introducción de nuevas formas de sepulturas y la intensificación de la jerarquía espacial en los túmulos reflejan los cambios estructurales experimentados por la sociedad de Gaya a lo largo de su historia.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The Gaya Tumuli are a serial property consisting of seven cemeteries created by members of the Gaya Confederacy, an ancient collection of several polities that persisted from the 1st through the mid-6th centuries CE in the southern section of the Korean Peninsula. The seven cemeteries are the Daeseong-dong Tumuli, Marisan Tumuli, Okjeon Tumuli, Jisan-dong Tumuli, Songhak-dong Tumuli, Yugok-ri and Durak-ri Tumuli, and Gyo-dong and Songhyeon-dong Tumuli.
Through its geographical distribution, locational characteristics, types of burials, and contents of grave goods, the property attests to the distinctive Gaya political system in which affiliated polities were allowed to exist as autonomous political equals while sharing cultural commonalities. The Gaya Confederacy responded with flexibly to political shifts in ancient East Asia and contributed to maintaining the balance of power in the region by cooperating internally and taking part in exchanges with neighbouring states.
The seven cemeteries are the burial grounds for the top leaders of seven Gaya polities that developed independently at different sites across the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. The cemeteries are all located on elevated terrain at the centre of a polity and are home to densely clustered tombs constructed over a long period. This dispersed distribution of equally monumental and elaborate tomb clusters manifesting shared practices for locating and building high-status tombs testifies to the existence of multiple equally powerful and autonomous polities living under the influence of the same culture.
The cemeteries all feature a particular kind of stone-lined burial chamber and have produced a distinctive form of pottery, respectively known as the Gaya-type stone-lined chamber burial and Gaya-style pottery. These commonalities contribute to identifying the territorial bounds of the Gaya Confederacy. Individual variations can still be found within these two indicators, allowing the boundaries of each polity to be identified and testifying to their political autonomy. Other grave goods, such as iron weapons reflecting similar levels of military power and trade goods imported into and exchanged within the Gaya Confederacy, demonstrate how the seven polities existed as political equals and maintained a level of internal parity.
Criterion (iii): The Gaya Tumuli bear exceptional testimony to Gaya, a unique ancient East Asian civilisation that coexisted with its more strongly centralised neighbours but maintained a distinct confederated political system. The property is important evidence of the diversity found among ancient East Asian civilisations.
Integrity
The Gaya Tumuli comprehensively manifest the distinct political system of Gaya, incorporating within the boundaries of the component parts all the attributes necessary to convey its Outstanding Universal Value, such as geographical distribution, locational characteristics, types of burial and grave goods.
The archaeological attributes of the property are mostly conserved in good condition. The component areas are large enough to demonstrate the topographical and spatial characteristics of the property and the process of its development.
The property is under rigorous government protection according to the Cultural Heritage Protection Act and is unlikely to suffer from adverse effects of either development or neglect. Some of the cemeteries have been affected by nearby urbanisation, but not to an extent that would have an adverse impact on their attributes.
Authenticity
The seven cemeteries meet the conditions of authenticity in terms of form and design, materials and substance, and location and setting.
Excavation within the property has been conducted to the minimal possible extent and only for academic or conservation purposes by expert institutes. The excavations conducted to date have confirmed the authenticity of the burial structures, burial-mound construction methods and building materials. Repair work within the component parts’ settings is conducted by nationally licensed heritage professionals and ensure that there are no impacts on the Outstanding Universal Value. It is based on the findings of archaeological research and takes place only after a thorough analysis of the original form, structure, material, and construction methods.
Although the wider settings of the property component parts have evolved to a certain extent, there has been little change in location and topography, the major attributes conveying the Outstanding Universal Value.
Protection and management requirements
The property is safeguarded by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act and other rules and regulations. Each of the seven cemeteries has been nationally designated as a Heritage Area with the title “Historic Site”. The buffer zones are mostly included in the Historic and Cultural Environment Preservation Area for each cemetery (an additional layer of protection offered to a Heritage Area) and therefore benefit from strict development restrictions.
The authorisation of any change in the current state of the property falls under the responsibility of the Cultural Heritage Administration and on-site management is carried out by the pertinent local governments. Archaeological research and repair efforts on the property are conducted by professionally certified groups and individuals under the overriding principle of maintaining the authenticity and integrity. Grave goods from the property are vested with the State and housed at museums and other research institutes. Funds required for the management and conservation of the property are provided by the Cultural Heritage Administration and the pertinent local governments.
A conservation plan has been prepared for each cemetery. The World Heritage Nomination Office for the Gaya Tumuli is leading the efforts at monitoring the property in an integrated manner. The Nomination Office has also established an integrated management plan. Disaster-prevention facilities have been installed at each site. A network of close cooperation for disaster prevention has been established at each cemetery with relevant organisations. Local residents are participating in heritage interpretation and monitoring activities.
