Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
Much of the landscape of Cornwall and West Devon was transformed in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a result of the rapid growth of pioneering copper and tin mining. Its deep underground mines, engine houses, foundries, new towns, smallholdings, ports and harbours, and their ancillary industries together reflect prolific innovation which, in the early 19th century, enabled the region to produce two-thirds of the world’s supply of copper. The substantial remains are a testimony to the contribution Cornwall and West Devon made to the Industrial Revolution in the rest of Britain and to the fundamental influence the area had on the mining world at large. Cornish technology embodied in engines, engine houses and mining equipment was exported around the world. Cornwall and West Devon were the heartland from which mining technology rapidly spread.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Paysage minier des Cornouailles et de l’ouest du Devon
Le paysage des Cornouailles et de l’ouest du Devon s’est en grande partie transformé au XVIIIe et au début du XIXe siècle dans le sillage de l’essor rapide de l’exploitation minière du cuivre et de l’étain. Les profondes mines souterraines, les bâtiments des machines, les fonderies, les villes nouvelles, les petites propriétés, les ports et leurs industries associées reflètent le prolifique esprit d’innovation qui fut le moteur de ce développement industriel, qui produisait au début du XIXe siècle les deux tiers du cuivre mondial. Les nombreux vestiges attestent de la contribution des Cornouailles et de l’ouest du Devon à la Révolution industrielle dans le reste de la Grande-Bretagne, et de l’influence fondamentale de cette région sur l’ensemble du monde minier. La technologie des Cornouailles qu’incarnent les machines, les bâtiments qui les abritent et l’équipement minier fut exportée dans le monde entier. Les Cornouailles et l’ouest du Devon furent au cœur de la diffusion rapide de la technologie minière.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
منظر المناجم في كورنواي وغرب ديفون
تغير جزء كبير من منظر المناجم في كورنواي وغرب ديفون إذ لحق بالازدهار السريع الذي شهده استخراج النحاس والقصدير في القرن الثامن عشر وبداية القرن التاسع عشر. فالمناجم الجوفية العميقة والأبنية التي تحتوي على الآلات والمسابك والمدن الجديدة والممتلكات الصغيرة والمرافئ والمصانع الملحقة بها تعكس خصوبة روح الابتكار التي حرّكت هذا التطور الصناعي وأنتجت في بداية القرن التاسع عشر ثلثي كمية النحاس في العالم. أما الآثار المتعددة فتشهد على مساهمة كورنواي وغرب ديفون في الثورة الصناعية في سائر أنحاء بريطانيا العظمى وعلى التأثير العميق الذي مارسته هذه المنطقة على عالم المناجم بمجمله. وقد تم تصدير تكنولوجيا كورنواي المتمثلة في الآلات والأبنية التي تضمها ومعدات استخراج المعادن الى العالم بأسره، كما احتلت كورنواي وغرب ديفون قلب الانتشار السريع لتكنولوجيا التعدين.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
康沃尔和西德文矿区景观
由于18世纪到19世纪早期铜矿和锡矿开采的迅速发展，康沃尔和西德文的大部分景观发生了很大变化。地表深处的地下矿井、动力车间、铸造厂、卫星城、小农场、港口和海湾，以及各种辅助性的产业都体现了层出不穷的创新，正是这些创新使该地区在19世纪早期生产了全世界三分之二的铜。矿区遗址体现了康沃尔郡和西德文郡对于英国其他地区工业革命做出的巨大贡献，以及该地区对全球采矿业产生的深远影响。康沃尔的技术体现于出口到全世界的发动机、动力车间和采矿设备。康沃尔郡和西德文郡是采矿技术迅速传播的中心地带。19世纪60年代，该地区的采矿业逐渐衰落，于是大量矿工迁移到其他具有康沃尔传统的矿区生活和工作，比如南非、澳大利亚、中美洲和南美洲，在那里仍然保留着康沃尔式的动力车间。
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Горнопромышленный ландшафт Корнуолла и Западного Девоншира
Многие ландшафты Корнуолла и Западного Девоншира оказались в XVIII в. и начале XIX вв. преобразованными в результате быстрого развития прогрессивных методов добычи меди и олова в шахтах. Глубокие подземные рудники, машинные залы, плавильные печи, новые города, небольшие домовладения, порты и гавани, подсобные предприятия – весь этот комплекс отражает процесс активного обновления района, которое позволило ему обеспечивать в начале XIX в. две трети мирового производства меди. Богатое наследие является свидетельством вклада Корнуолла и Западного Девоншира в промышленную революцию, происходившую в Британии, и фундаментального влияния, которое район оказал на развитие горного дела во всем мире. Корнуольская горнопромышленная технология, воплощенная в машинах, машинных залах и шахтном оборудовании, быстро распространялась по миру. Когда горная добыча в Корнуолле и Западном Девоншире в 1860-х гг. пришла в упадок, множество шахтеров эмигрировало, чтобы работать и жить в горношахтных поселениях, основанных на корнуольских традициях, как, например, в Южной Африке, Центральной и Южной Америке, где машинные залы по корнуольскому образцу все еще функционируют.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Paisaje minero de Cornualles y del oeste de Devon
El paisaje del condado de Cornualles y del oeste del condado de Devon sufrió una gran transformación en el siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, debido al rápido auge de la explotación de minas de cobre y estaño. Los profundos pozos mineros, los talleres, las fundiciones, las ciudades nuevas, las pequeñas propiedades y los puertos e industrias anejas reflejan el prolífico espíritu innovador que impulsó el desarrollo industrial de la región, donde se producían a principios del siglo XIX los dos tercios del cobre mundial. Los numerosos vestigios industriales dan cuenta de la contribución de ambos condados a la Revolución Industrial en el resto de Gran Bretaña, así como de la influencia decisiva de esta región en el mundo minero en su conjunto. La tecnología de Cornualles –máquinas, edificios industriales y equipamientos mineros– se exportó al mundo entero. Cornualles y el oeste de Devon fueron el motor de la rápida difusión de la tecnología minera.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
コーンウォールとウェストデヴォンの鉱山景観
イングランド南西部のコーンウォール州とウェストデヴォン州にある二つの街で見られるこの景観は、18～19世紀前半、急速に発展した銅と錫の鉱山が形成したもの。坑道や蒸気機関小屋、鋳造所、新市街、小自作農地、港湾と、これらに付随する副次的な産業が一体となって発展したことが、この地域の特色だ。19世紀後半には世界の銅の3分の2を供給するまでに成長し、英国の他地域の産業革命に多大な貢献をした。1860年には衰退を始めたが、蒸気機関車を使用するという当時としては画期的な採掘方法や技術は世界各地に伝わり、自国だけでなく、各国の鉱山業を劇的に変貌させるほど影響を与えた。source: NFUAJ
Mijnlandschap van Cornwall en West-Devon
Een groot deel van het landschap van Cornwall en West-Devon werd in de 18e en begin 19e eeuw omgevormd als gevolg van de snelle groei van de baanbrekende koper- en tinmijnbouw. De diepe ondergrondse mijnen, loodsen, gieterijen, nieuwe steden, kleine bedrijven, (zee)havens en hun toeleveranciers, weerspiegelen samen een vruchtbare innovatie die begin 19e eeuw de regio in staat stelde om tweederde van het wereldwijde koperaanbod te leveren. De overblijfselen van het mijnlandschap tonen de bijdrage van Cornwall en West-Devon aan de Industriële Revolutie in de rest van Groot-Brittannië en de fundamentele invloed van het gebied op de mijnbouwwereld in het algemeen.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The landscapes of Cornwall and west Devon were radically reshaped during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by deep mining for predominantly copper and tin. The remains of mines, engines houses, smallholdings, ports, harbours, canals, railways, tramroads, and industries allied to mining, along with new towns and villages reflect an extended period of industrial expansion and prolific innovation. Together these are testimony, in an inter-linked and highly legible way, to the sophistication and success of early, large-scale, industrialised non-ferrous hard-rock mining. The technology and infrastructure developed at Cornish and west Devon mines enabled these to dominate copper, tin and later arsenic production worldwide, and to greatly influence nineteenth century mining practice internationally.
The extensive Site comprises the most authentic and historically important components of the Cornwall and west Devon mining landscape dating principally from 1700 to 1914, the period during which the most significant industrial and social impacts occurred. The ten areas of the Site together form a unified, coherent cultural landscape and share a common identity as part of the overall exploitation of metalliferous minerals here from the eighteenth to twentieth centuries. Copper and tin particularly were required in increasing quantities at this time through the growing needs of British industry and commerce. Copper was used to protect the hulls of ocean-going timber ships, for domestic ware, and as a major constituent of important alloys such as brass and, with tin, bronze. The usage of tin was also increasing greatly through the requirements of the tin plate industry, for use in the canning of foods and in communications.
The substantial remains within the Site are a prominent reminder of the contribution Cornwall and west Devon made to the Industrial Revolution in Britain and to the fundamental influence the area asserted on the development of mining globally. Innovative Cornish technology embodied in high-pressure steam engines and other mining equipment was exported around the world, concurrent with the movement of mineworkers migrating to live and work in mining communities based in many instances on Cornish traditions. The transfer of mining technology and related culture led to a replication of readily discernable landscapes overseas, and numerous migrant-descended communities prosper around the globe as confirmation of the scale of this influence.
Criterion (ii): The development of industrialised mining in Cornwall and west Devon between 1700 and 1914, and particularly the innovative use of the high-pressure steam beam engine, led to the evolution of an industrialised society manifest in the transformation of the landscape through the creation of smallholdings, railways, canals, docks and ports, and the creation or remodelling of towns and villages. Together these had a profound impact on the growth of industrialisation in the United Kingdom, and consequently on industrialised mining around the world.
Criterion (iii): The extent and scope of the remains of copper and tin mining, and the associated transformation of the urban and rural landscapes presents a vivid and legible testimony to the success of Cornish and west Devon industrialised mining when the area dominated the world's output of copper, tin and arsenic.
Criterion (iv): The mining landscape of Cornwall and west Devon, and particularly its characteristic engine houses and beam engines as a technological ensemble in a landscape, reflect the substantial contribution the area made to the Industrial Revolution and formative changes in mining practices around the world.
Integrity
The areas enclosed within the property satisfactorily reflect the way prosperity derived from mining transformed the landscape both in urban and rural areas, and encapsulates the extent of those changes.
Some of the mining landscapes and towns within the property are within development zones and may be vulnerable to the possibility of incompatible development.
Authenticity
The property as a whole has high authenticity in terms of form, design and materials and, in general, the location and setting of the surviving features. The mines, engine houses, associated buildings and other features have either been consolidated or await work. In the villages and towns there has been some loss of architectural detail, particularly in the terraced housing, but it is considered that this is reversible.
The ability of features within the property to continue to express its Outstanding Universal Value may be reduced, however, if developments were to be permitted without sufficient regard to their historic character as constituent parts of the Site. The spatial arrangements of areas such as Hayle Harbour and the settings of Redruth and Camborne are of particular concern and these may be vulnerable unless planning policies and guidance are rigorously and consistently applied.
Protection and management requirements
The UK Government protects World Heritage Sites within its territory in two ways. Firstly individual buildings, monuments, gardens and landscapes are designated under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 and the 1979 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act, and secondly through the UK Spatial Planning system under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990.
National guidance on protecting the Historic Environment (Planning Policy Statement 5) and World Heritage (Circular 07/09) and accompanying explanatory guidance has been published by Government. Policies to protect, promote, conserve and enhance World Heritage Sites, their settings and buffer zones can be found in regional plans and in local authority plans and frameworks. The World Heritage Committee accepted that the Site is adequately protected through the general provisions of the UK planning system.
A detailed and comprehensive management plan has been created which stresses the need for an integrated and holistic management of this large, multi-area and diverse Site. The main strength of the plan is the effective network of local authority and other stakeholders that underpins it. The co-ordination of management of the property lies with the Site office for the property. Service-level agreements with other departments within Cornwall Council's Historic Environment department ensure the effective delivery of planning advice, and Sites and Monuments record keeping.
The Strategic Actions for 2005-2010 in the management plan have been in part completed, and the development of risk assessments and a monitoring system are underway utilising data capture systems being introduced by Cornwall Council. The production of detailed definitions of Outstanding Universal Value for specific landscapes within the Site will also be pursued to aid the delivery of planning advice.
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