State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 573 Housing 364 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 206 Ground transport infrastructure 192 Legal framework 141 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 109 Management activities 103 Illegal activities 102 Mining 82 Water infrastructure 68 Surface water pollution 65 Interpretative and visitation facilities 63 Oil and gas 56 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 55 Major linear utilities 50 Marine transport infrastructure 43 Commercial development 39 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Renewable energy facilities 38 Forestry /wood production 38 Land conversion 36 Financial resources 33 Storms 29 Solid waste 27 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 27 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Water (extraction) 23 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 23 Governance 22 Civil unrest 20 Earthquake 20 Invasive / alien freshwater species 20 Quarrying 19 Water (rain/water table) 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Human resources 19 Input of excess energy 17 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 17 Ground water pollution 16 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Air pollution 13 High impact research / monitoring activities 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Localised utilities 11 Crop production 11 Other climate change impacts 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 8 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 6 Micro-organisms 6 Industrial areas 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Relative humidity 3 Wind 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1