tune Filter

Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Dacia

Romania

Date of Submission: 31/01/2020

Criteria: (ii)(iii)(iv)

Category: Cultural

Submitted by:
Ministry of Culture

State, Province or Region:
Mehedinți, Caraș-Severin, Timiș, Arad, Hunedoara, Alba, Cluj, Sălaj, Bistrița-Năsăud, Mureș, Harghita, Covasna, Brașov, Argeș, Teleorman, Vâlcea, Dolj, Olt counties

Ref.: 6447

Export

Word File .doc

Disclaimer

The Tentative Lists of States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate harmonization of Tentative Lists at regional and thematic levels.

The sole responsibility for the content of each Tentative List lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Tentative Lists does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the World Heritage Centre or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.

Property names are listed in the language in which they have been submitted by the State Party

Description

The structure of the limes consisted of a complex system of towers, earthworks, walls, small fortifications, the forts behind the limes being usually placed at a distance of ca. 5 km from it, the related civil settlements and non-Roman structures. In front the earthen ramparts it was not identified insofar a ditch. Forts are similar, garrisons to mixed infantry and cavalry troops, most likely built by them. Here and there the earthen ramparts are clearly visible, almost on the original height, the limes specificities being best preserved in the Moigrad area (Porolissum).

All over Romania, circa 100 forts, 50 small fortifications and more than 150 towers are known, although their number must have been much larger. Furthermore, there are also other structures part of the border system, of the most important counting the man-made barriers, generally composed of earthen ramparts, but also of stone walls. Of the forts, only four-five may be visited and are accessible to the public, however not the same applies to any rampart part, wall or tower. In most places, the limes is no longer visible, hence it is difficult to identify. Topographically, the limes is partially protected, none of its elements being found in urban areas.

Nevertheless, only a small part belongs to the public property, thus many sectors are endangered especially because of the farming works. In most cases, the stone was used in the construction of villages, churches and medieval castles in the area. Most limes portions from northern Dacia lie in forested areas, hence affected by forestry. Ancient roads and paths cross many times the limes line.

Based on stamped tile finds, we suppose that the towers too, even the limes, were built by the fort garrisons, although the archaeological material is scarce. The layout of the towers is either rectangular or circular, they are built either of stone or timber, some, being researched in the 70’ies. In some areas, a man-made line was found, generally formed of earth ramparts, here and there with small stone walls. On the other hand, the rampart was not archaeologically investigated, but by a trench or two, its structure being unclear. Stone walls were identified only nearby Porolissum. In passes and vulnerable areas, small fortifications were built, attached to the limes wall where it was identified, but it lay at a somewhat distance from the earthen rampart, similarly to the towers. Still in passes were built also the earthen ramparts, although in recent years a stone wall and earth ramparts were reported on plateaus, not only in passes. The towers seem to sketch a line, however, in fact, they are set in a network, being located in depth or in front according to the land configuration, obviously, for communication purposes.

The specificities of the northern border are found only here and there in the other border areas of Dacia, however arguments are extremely few. In eastern Transylvania, the border must have been similar, nearby the forts line being identified here and there towers, but for now, without a man-made defence line, smaller fortifications not being discovered. By the exit from the mountains, southwards, the border was set on the Olt line, flowing into the Danube, characterised by small forts and fortifications. For short time spans, likely under Hadrian, then starting with Caracalla, a man-made 235 km long line was used, from the Danube to the mountains (Bran gorge), made up of an earthen rampart, lying at a variable distance of 10-50 km east the Olt. Unfortunately, the border is poorly preserved today. At 10-50 m behind the rampart were identified timber watch towers. Behind this line lay 12 fortifications, of which four double, located at a small distance from it. The route of the western border is unclear, watch towers not being identified south the fort at Bologa, with one exception. That is why the limes route is only supposed on the line of the fortifications from the extreme west of the province, which in fact corresponds approximately to the main axis of Dacia, the imperial road from Drobeta to Porolissum.

Thus we note at least seven different types of limes:

- Banat – from the Danube upwards – imperial road monitored by auxiliary forts – up to Micia. It is possible that in the Banat Plain had existed man-made earth barriers, however, this is not certain yet.

- the Apuseni Mountains – only one burgus and the settlements in the gold mining area are known.

- Bologa-Tihău – hill area – complex limes – towers, rampart, wall, forts, small fortifications.

- Tihău-Livezile – similar to the preceding, earthen rampart or stone wall unidentified.

- Livezile-Brețcu (Olt) – mountain area – forts, towers, rampart reported in one area (Câmpu Cetății, 10 km east the fort at Călugăreni and 11 km north Sărățeni).

- the Olt line surveilled by smaller or larger forts.

- Limes Transalutanus – a proper limes similar with that in Britannia and Germania – man-made earthen rampart surveilled by small and medium-sized forts.

Small part of the limes is visible, although it was not yet fully researched. The man-made line of towers and sometimes stone walls from Transylvania survived best, on a distance of approximately 350 km, especially in the northern, north-western sectors of ca. 50-60 km, generally in state property, due to its location on hilltops and in forests. The situation of the forts behind these defence lines is partially clarified. In only ca. 20% of the cases the land is in state property, therefore safe from the dangers of the inherent agriculture practice. Nevertheless, only the proper forts are in general object of this public property, related settlements being further in private property. In fact, they are nowhere clearly delimited.

Bistrița Năsăud COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Monor	Monor	1	Dealul Braniște	wachtower	477824.314 602230.332
2	Șieu	Șieu	1	Dealul Zburătorilor	wachtower	470572.762 609144.302
3	Șieu	Șieu	2	La Braniște	wachtower	468830.407 611517.531
4	Mărișelu	Domnești	1	Tabla Pietroasa	fortlet	460048.257 615408.651
5	Budacu de Jos	Budacu de Jos	1	Vârful Măgurii	wachtower	463999.492 616329.091
6	Budacu de Jos	Budacu de Jos	2	Dealul Cetăţii	wachtower	463687.745 622744.623
7	Budacu de Jos	Buduș	3	La Ulmi	wachtower	465734.241 618583.499
8	Șieu-Măgheruș	Sărăţel	1	Sărăţel 1	wachtower	456498.062 616926.517
9	Șieu-Măgheruș	Sărăţel	2	Sărăţel 2	wachtower	456700.52 616918.354
10	Cetate	Orheiul Bistriţei	1	Orheiul Bistriţei	auxiliary fort	468956.489 621889.308
11	Livezile	Livezile	1	Livezile	auxiliary fort	467702.426 631768.751
12	Șintereag	Șintereag	1	Dealul Oului	wachtower	446447.565 633071.412
13	Salva	Salva	1	Roata lui Todoran	wachtower	451666.084 645687.585
14	Salva	Salva	2	Dealul Dumbravă	wachtower	453516.324 647049.11
15	Năsăud	Năsăud	1	La Ţigani	wachtower	454472.691 644237.352
16	Năsăud		2	Vârful Pietrei	wachtower	455008.166 646019.51
17	Zagra	Zagra	1	Dealul Ciorilor	wachtower	446991.315 647179.669
18	Zagra	Perișor	2	Vârful Zgăului	wachtower	443142.09 647185.367
19	Zagra	Perișor	3	Vârful Colnicului	wachtower	443586.537 647281.312
20	Zagra	Perișor	4	Vârful Colnicului 2	wachtower	443572.47 647236.129
21	Zagra	Perișor	5	Păltiniș	wachtower	440374.489 647439.736
22	Spermezeu	Sita	1	Casa Urieșilor	wachtower	439799.15 647484.136

23	Spermezeu	Sita	2	Dealul Sâtii	fortlet	439519.811 647473.021
24	Spermezeu	Spermezeu	3	Lazuri	wachtower	436158.547 645557.454
25	Spermezeu	Spermezeu	4	Lazuri vis a vis la est	wachtower	437016.507 645532.194
26	Spermezeu	Dobricei	5	Vârful Lazului	wachtower	433333.768 645391.793
27	Spermezeu	Dobricei	6	Rângoiţa	wachtower	432659.349 645480.898
28	Căianu Mic	Ciceu Poieni	1	Vârful Osoiului	wachtower	431928.722 645210.062
29	Căianu Mic	Ciceu Poieni	2	Podul Milcoaiei	wachtower	430878.265 645314.866
30	Căianu Mic	Ciceu Poieni	3	Strunga Găvojdenilor	wachtower	430179.741 645235.928
31	Căianu Mic	Ciceu Poieni	4	Faţa Carpenului 3	wachtower	429706.321 645055.921
32	Negrilești	Purcărete	1	Faţa Carpenului 2	wachtower	429532.833 645041.993
33	Negrilești	Purcărete	2	Faţa Carpenului 1	wachtower	429552.149 645024.589
34	Negrilești	Negrilești	3	Cornul Malului 2	wachtower	429122.167 644621.742
35	Negrilești	Negrilești	4	Cornul Malului	wachtower	428665.556 644575.442
36	Negrilești	Negrilești	5	Negru Vodă	wachtower	428374.467 643764.031
37	Negrilești	Negrilești	6	Cetatea lui Negru Vodă	fortlet	428272.549 643524.036
38	Negrilești	Negrilești	7	Dealul Muncelului?	wachtower	427596.97 643910.212
39	Negrilești	Negrilești	8	?	wachtower	427654.35 643910.212
40	Ciceu-Giurgești	Ciceu-Giurgești	1	Vârful Sflederului 2	wachtower	425842.297 643233.201
41	Ciceu-Giurgești	Dumbrăveni	2	Vârful Sflederului	wachtower	425736.274 643305.516
42	Ciceu-Giurgești	Ciceu-Giurgești	3	Valea Mestecănișului	fortlet	425201.827 642767.528
43	Ciceu-Giurgești	Dumbrăveni	4	Vârful Runcului	wachtower	424366.462 642485.559
44	Ciceu-Giurgești	Dumbrăveni	5	?	wachtower	422436.446 641529.86
45	Ciceu-Giurgești	Dumbrăveni	6	Dealul Podului	wachtower	421379.092 642243.528
46	Ciceu-Giurgești	Dumbrăveni	7	?	wachtower	420596.953 642385.68
47	Uriu	Ilișua	1	ARCOBA(DA)RA	auxiliary fort	431588.557 634983.567
48	Ciceu-Mihăiești	Ciceu-Corabia	1	Poniţa	wachtower	419456.234 642108.508

Sălaj COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Fildu de Jos	Fildu de Sus	1	Grebăn	wachtower	340111.095 607256.766
2	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	1	Cornul Vlașinului	wachtower	340654.104 611336.104
3	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	2	Poic	fortlet	341563.043 611540.462
4	Horoatu Crasnei / Bucium	Huta / Hurez	3	Dl. lui Gyuri	wachtower	341772.108 613100.639
5	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	4	Între Dl. Cozlii și Salhiger	wachtower	342860.445 614263.824
6	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	5	Salhiger	wachtower	343285.965 614543.934
7	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	6	Dealu Mare	wachtower	343649.812 615198.626
8	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	7	Între Dl. Mare și Arsură	wachtower	343996.367 615627.841
9	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	8	Arsură 2	wachtower	344089.913 617700.454
10	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	9	Arsură 1	wachtower	344119.705 617708.51
11	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	10	Arsură 3	wachtower	344047.363 617644.129
12	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	11	Dl. Boului/Coasta Julii	wachtower	344405.148 619377.904
13	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	12	La Frapsin	wachtower	344977.163 619338.923
14	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	13	Dl. Secuiului	fortlet	346252.764 620244.321
15	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	14	Sub Cornet- Păstăiasa	earthen rampart	345823.126 619660.015 346478.256 620203.692
16	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	15	Sub Cornet 1	wachtower	345749.957 620202.904
17	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	16	Sub Cornet 2	wachtower	345597.191 620271.884
18	Horoatu Crasnei	Hurez	17	Dl. Boului/La Ferice	wachtower	344442.886 618401.993
19	Horoatu Crasnei/Bucium	Sângeorgiu de Meseș / Hurez	18	Dealu Prislop 4	wachtower	344234.819 617359.935
20	Horoatu Crasnei/Bucium	Sângeorgiu de Meseș / Hurez	19	Dealu Prislop 1	wachtower	344196.149 616360.984
21	Bucium /Horoatu Crasnei	Sângeorgiu de Meseș / Hurez	1	Dealu Prislop 2	wachtower	344390.601 616942.594
22	Bucium	Sângeorgiu de Meseș	2	Dealu Prislop 3	wachtower	344333.093 617063.005
23	Bucium	Sângeorgiu de Meseș	3	Dl. Cozlii	wachtower	341670.135 613874.196

24	Buciumi	Sângeorgiu de Meseș	4	Poiana Șeredanilor	wachtower	347311.578 621551.625
25	Bucium	Sângeorgiu de Meseș	5	Dl. Boului/Măguriţa	wachtower	344712.281 619008.184
26	Buciumi	Buciumi	6	Sub Padină / Coasta Ogrăzii	wachtower	348037.906 622349.289
27	Buciumi	Buciumi	7	Sub Padină / Deasupra Șurii Fânului	wachtower	347677.044 622048.973
28	Buciumi	Bodia	8	Groapa Mare	wachtower	348812.894 623039.269
29	Buciumi	Bucium	9	Grădiște	auxiliary fort	351569.286 618364.293
30	Agrij	Agrij	1	Coasta Lată	wachtower	349135.79 623669.889
31	Agrij	Agrij	2	Osoiul Ciontului 2	wachtower	349413.851 624191.913
32	Treznea	Treznea	1	Coasta Ciungii 1	wachtower	350472.072 625388.71
33	Treznea	Treznea	2	Coasta Ciungii 2	wachtower	350829.193 625584.288
34	Treznea	Treznea	3	Vârful Ciungii	wachtower	351281.585 626078.055
35	Treznea	Treznea	4	Gura Teghișului	wachtower	352959.743 626608.546
36	Treznea	Treznea	5	Vf. Teghișului	wachtower	353567.597 626882.977
37	Treznea	Treznea	6	Sub Păstaie	wachtower	354050.414 627739.829
38	Treznea	Treznea	7	Dealul Mănăstirii	wachtower	351981.404 626323.18
39	Treznea	Treznea	8	Vârful Obârșiei	wachtower	350248.834 624997.058
40	Treznea	Bozna	9	Osoiul Ciontului	wachtower	349711.922 624623.878
41	Românași	Românași	1	Cetate	auxiliary fort	361441.214 624662.559
42	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	1	Vf. Păstaie - Sub Păstaie	earthen rampart	354296.508 628362.452 353776.838 627324.692
43	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	2	Vf. Păstaie	wachtower	354292.936 628369.146
44	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	3	Măgura Stânii 1	wachtower	356217.721 629909.363
45	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	4	Măgura Stânii 2	wachtower	356332.967 629944.733
46	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	5	Sub Măgura Stânii	wachtower	356582.452 630184.766
47	Mun. Zalău	Stâna	6	La Oroieși	wachtower	356583.239 630599.384

48	Mun. Zalău	Stâna	7	La Balize	wachtower	356634.868 631417.653
49	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	8	La nord de Pârâul Măgurii	wachtower	355680.873 631098.084
50	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	9	Masa Craiului	wachtower	355520.409 631553.449
51	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	10	Peringaru	wachtower	355880.161 632374.066
52	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	11	Dealul Poieniţa	wachtower	356085.707 632669.42
53	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	12	Dl. Dojii 2	wachtower	356384.419 633255.678
54	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	13	Dl. Dojii	wachtower	356608.924 633417.157
55	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	14	La Ţigani / Pădurea Orașului	wachtower	356603.108 633762.188
56	Mun. Zalău	Zalău	15	La Ţigani / Pădurea Orașului 2	wachtower	356849.43 633875.1
57	Mun. Zalău	Ortelec	16	Clocoţăl	wachtower	356961.343 634665.612
58	Mun. Zalău	Ortelec	17	Măgurice 2	wachtower	357164.398 634977.745
59	Mun. Zalău	Ortelec	18	Măgurice	wachtower	357779.744 635690.476
60	Mun. Zalău	Ortelec	19	Fântâna Șușigului	fortlet	358207.607 636404.635
61	Mun. Zalău	Ortelec	20	Măgurice-La Strâmtură	rampart	358030.965 636119.73 358176.533 636402.265
62	Mirșid	Mirșid	1	Fântâna Șușigului 2	fortlet	358366.527 636577.665
63	Mirșid	Mirșid	2	Druia	wachtower	357754.643 632505.759
64	Mirșid	Mirșid	3	Sub Druia	wachtower	357915.696 632505.816
65	Mirșid	Mirșid	4	Poiana Moigrădanilor	wachtower	358293.46 633215.102
66	Mirșid	Mirșid	5	Dl. Ferice	wachtower	360088.904 633318.315
67	Mirșid	Mirșid	6	Poiana Moigrădanilor-Dl. Ferice	earthen rampart	358308.885 636550.547 359906.623 637915.394
68	Mirșid	Mirșid	7	Poguior	wachtower	358656.283 636709.344
69	Mirșid	Mirșid	8	Dealul Făgiște	wachtower	359243.736 637324.995
70	Mirșid	Mirșid	9	Viţinal 1	wachtower	359643.151 637738.444

71	Mirșid	Mirșid	10	Viţinal 2	wachtower	359686.252 637819.073
72	Mirșid	Mirșid	11	Dealu Mare 3	wachtower	360634.024 637670.851
73	Mirșid	Mirșid	12	Dealu Mare 2	wachtower	361634.549 637105.39
74	Mirșid	Mirșid	13	Dealu Mare	wachtower	362177.763 637011.961
75	Mirșid	Mirșid	14	Dealu Mare	wachtower	361670.914 636524.884
76	Mirșid	Mirșid	15	Voievodeasa 1	wachtower	365036.797 638333.553
77	Mirșid	Mirșid	16	Voievodeasa 2	wachtower	364447.075 638288.589
78	Mirșid	Mirșid	17	-	wachtower	365035.072 638336.11
79	Creaca	Brusturi	1	La Ruine (CERTIAE)	auxiliary fort	364748.747 629970.651
80	Creaca	Jac	2	Pomet (POROLISSVM)	auxiliary fort	360477.881 632725.669
81	Creaca	Jac	3	Citera	auxiliary fort	361166.851 632993.997
82	Creaca	Jac	4	Terasa Sanctuarelor-Sub Citeră	earthen rampart	360633.05 633457.34 361140.587 633222.394
83	Creaca	Jac/Brebi	5	Sub Citeră-Roata Dungii	earthen rampart	360555.141 632956.326 362302.924 634942.744
84	Creaca	Brebi	6	Sub Citeră	fortlet	362313.561 634283.332
85	Creaca	Brebi	7	Sub Citeră B2 / Roata dungii	fortlet	362325.438 634861.188
86	Creaca	Brebi	8	Dealu Mare 1	wachtower	361634.59 637105.358
87	Creaca	Brebi	9	Mănăstire	wachtower	363329.544 638425.463
88	Creaca	Brebi	10	Dumbrava Brebi	wachtower	364085.935 638404.86
89	Creaca	Ciglean	11	La Fundătură	wachtower	366241.082 637648.506
90	Creaca	Ciglean	12	La Fundătură 2	wachtower	366494.342 637852.182
91	Creaca	Prodănești	13	Pe Șanţ	rampart	368430.856 638613.288 368341.154 638608.263
92	Jibou	Var	1	Dealul Tărăboilor	wachtower	370110.383 638325.547

93	Surduc	Tihău	1	Grădiște / Cetate	wachtower	374603.477 638977.172
94	Surduc	Tihău	2	Grădiște	auxiliary fort	374115.912 639444.302
95	Surduc	Surduc	3	De-asupra Văii Hrăii	wachtower	375913.793 643133.444
96	Băbeni	Cliţ	1	Faţa Chicerii	wachtower	381696.718 645689.223
97	Lozna	Preluci	1	Holm	wachtower	382504.451 646597.994
98	Lozna	Preluci	2	Hornicior	wachtower	382551.062 646547.784
99	Lozna	Lozna	3	Curmăturiţa	wachtower	385198.469 648230.341
100	Lozna	Valea Leșului	4	Ţiclău	wachtower	386383.872 648623.547
101	Lozna	Valea Leșului	5	Picioarele Andreichii	wachtower	386942.738 649324.779
102	Ileanda	Negreni	1	Dealul Hoancelor	wachtower	389151.395 649247.205
103	Ileanda	Negreni	2	Poiana la Arbore	wachtower	389587.977 649043.085
104	Ileanda	Podișu	3	La Bontauă	wachtower	392792.486 650233.658
105	Ileanda	Rogna	4	-	fortlet	392792.486 650233.658
106	Ileanda	Ileanda	5	La Căsoi	wachtower	395752.91 649101.819
107	Ileanda	Dăbâceni	6	Coama Pietrar 1	wachtower	395745.705 646642.635
108	Ileanda	Dăbâceni	7	Coama Pietrar 2	wachtower	395899.64 646100.788
109	Gâlgău	Glod	1	Toaca Glodului	wachtower	397112.633 646131.274
110	Gâlgău	Glod	2	Cetate I	wachtower	400061.683 644259.057
111	Gâlgău	Glod	3	Cetate II	wachtower	400038.263 644240.923
112	Gâlgău	Gâlgău	4	Casa Popii/Poianu	wachtower	403417.168 643578.731
113	Gâlgău	Gâlgău	5	Casa Popii	wachtower	404724.341 643497.733
114	Gâlgău	Căpâlna	6	Casa Urieșilor	wachtower	405522.053 643082.645
115	Gâlgău	Căpâlna	7	Dâmbul lui Golaș	wachtower	405026.461 642482.919
116	Gâlgău	Căpâlna	8	Hotroapă	wachtower	405796.197 642930.986
117	Poiana Blenchii	Fălcușa	1	Dealul Muncelului	wachtower	409353.696 640704.753
118	Zimbor	Sutor	1	(Optatiana)	auxiliary fort	366486.801 611366.793

Cluj COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Chiuiești	Dosu Bricii	1	Muncelul Chiuieștiului	wachtower	418725.438 644810.786
2	Chiuiești	Chiuiești	2	Dealul Crucii	wachtower	412990.924 644275.276
3	Chiuiești	Sălătruc	3	Dealul lui Mihai	wachtower	414138.410 642039.369
4	Cășeiu	Cășeiu	1	SAMVM	auxiliary fort	412042.230 632520.187
5	Cășeiu	Guga	2	Vârful Ţâglii	wachtower	410183.937 640190.047
6	Câţcău	Muncel	1	Muchia Poienii Lupului	wachtower	408567.415 641250.851
7	Poieni	Hodișu	1	Cornul Sonului	wachtower	340382.078 606598.688
8	Poieni	Poieni	2	Dealul Cornii	wachtower	340274.624 606407.647
9	Poieni	Poieni	3	Dealul Bociului	wachtower	339410.919 605200.791
10	Poieni	Poieni	4	Râmbușoi	wachtower	339198.663 604588.259
11	Poieni	Poieni	5	Dosu Marcului	wachtower	338783.858 603991.001
12	Poieni	Poieni	6	Horhiș	wachtower	338372.061 603802.327
13	Poieni	Poieni	7	Cetăţea	wachtower	338107.133 603080.449
14	Poieni	Poieni	8	Dâmbu Vărădeștilor1	wachtower	337838.078 603447.224
15	Poinei	Poieni	9	Dâmbu Vărădeștilor2	wachtower	337824.801 603478.443
16	Poieni	Poieni	10	Dâmbu Vărădeștilor	earthen rampart	337664.016 603551.266
17	Poieni	Poieni	11	Poieni centru	fortlet	337462.940 603594.159
18	Poieni	Bologa	12	Grădiște	auxiliary fort	338935.303 600620.997
19	Poieni	Bologa	13	Măgura Bologii	wachtower	336407.216 599259.693

20	Căpușu Mare	Dumbrava / Straja	1	Dealul Ursului	wachtower	367092.922 592972.670
21	Gilău	Gilău	1	La Castel	auxiliary fort	376400.902 585437.036
22	Gilău	Gilău	2	Dealul Mic 2	wachtower	377874.667 582992.189
23	Gilău	Gilău	3	Dealul Mic 3	wachtower	377768.394 582978.836
24	Gilău	Gilău	3	Dealul Mic 4	wachtower	377757.942 582980.895
25	Florești	Luna de Sus	1	Dealul Mic 5	wachtower	377731.485 582762.667
26	Turda	Turda	1	Potaissa	legionary fort	406040.460 564151.546
27	Săvădisla	Finișel	1	Dealul Ursoaia	wachtower	376852.202 576145.697
28	Săvădisla	Hășdate	2	Dealul Marginea	wachtower	375080.859 573091.042
29	Băișoara	Liteni	1	Pădurea Bisericii	wachtower	378803.017 570211.386
30	Băișoara	Băișoara	2	Vârful Pliculeţe	wachtower	380983.759 565464.076
31	Cluj-Napoca	Mănăștur	1	Pădurea Bisericii	wachtower	389839.473 583135.316

Alba COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Ighiu	Ighiu	1	Dealul Măgulici	auxiliary fort	383841.470 515491.674
2	Ocna Mureș	Războieni	1	Grajduri CAP	auxiliary fort	412802.437 546474.953
3	Zlatna	Pătrângeni	1	Zlatna	auxiliary fort	365386.005 511631.522
4	Zlatna	Trâmpoiele	2	Zlatna	wachtower	354028.493 518417.612
5	Alba Iulia	Alba Iulia	1	Cetate	auxiliary fort	389735.868 508484.741
6	Abrud	Abrud	1	Cetăţeaua	fortlet	351914.552 530992.645

Hunedoara COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Geoagiu	Cigmău	1	Cetatea Urieșilor	auxiliary fort	359717.786 489818.781
2	Geoagiu	Bozeș	2	Cetatea Urieșilor	fort	358457.222 498728.125
3	Veţel	Veţel	1	Micia (Grădiște)	auxiliary fort	330641.093 492612.893
4	Hunedoara	Hunedoara	1	Dealul Sânpetru	wachtower	335657.603 474009.677
5	Boșorod	Târsa	1	Luncani Târsa	temporary fort	356598.141 460917.067
6	Orăștioara de Sus	Costești / Grădiștea de Munte	1	Vârtoape	temporary fort	363323.205 462709.548
7	Orăștioara de Sus	Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte	2	Muncel	temporary fort	368719.278 461784.986
8	Orăștioara de Sus	Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte	3	Dealul Șesului	temporary fort	369946.516 458833.764
9	Orăștioara de Sus	Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte	4	Comărnicel I	temporary fort	377442.437 455055.362
10	Orăștioara de Sus	Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte	5	Comărnicel II	temporary fort	376808.599 454564.619
11	Orăștioara de Sus	Costești/ Grădiștea de Munte	6	Comărnicel III	temporary fort	377069.132 455638.229
12	Băniţa	Băniţa	1	Jigoru Mare	temporary fort	367742.958 448045.250
13	Sarmizegetusa	Sarmizegetusa	1	Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa	civil settelment	327297.916 448390.111

Caraș Severin COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Zăvoi/Marga	Vama Marga (greșit: Zăvoi)	1	Voislova (Pons Augusti)	auxiliary fort	302560.134 450405.144
2	Zăvoi	Zăvoi	2	Zăvoi (Agnaviae)	auxiliary fort	297868.963 450576.806
3	Obreja	Jupa	1	Traianu	auxiliary fort	280516.963 445146.786
4	Caransebeș	Jupa	1	Tibiscum	auxiliary fort	280403.092 444620.759
5	Brebu	Brebu (greșit: Cornuţel)	1	Caput Bubali	auxiliary fort	272193.660 439931.638
6	Fârliug	Fârliug	1	Aizis	auxiliary fort	254302.622 449198.807
7	Berzovia	Berzovia	1	Berzobis	auxiliary fort	236020.849 442108.123
8	Forotic	Surducu Mare	1	Rovină	auxiliary fort	233403.249 424958.733
9	Vărădia	Vărădia	1	Arcidava	auxiliary fort	228705.980 403557.423 228347.106 404600.149
10	Vărădia	Vărădia	2	Chilii	auxiliary fort	228705.980 403557.423 228347.106 404600.149
11	Teregova	Teregova	1	La Hideg	auxiliary fort	288458.321 411196.324
12	Mehadia	Mehadia	1	Zidină	auxiliary fort	291058.310 385227.786

Olt COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Crîmpoaia	Crîmpoaia	1		auxiliary fort	481048.166 312035.588
2	Tia Mare	Tia Mare	1		auxiliary fort	472099.474 263023.393
3	Gostavăţu	Gostavăţu	1		auxiliary fort	462390.187 287011.033
4	Dobrosloveni	Reșca	1		auxiliary fort	451886.022 297254.301
5	Piatra Olt	Criva de Sus	1		auxiliary fort	444589.666 319689.665

Vâlcea COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Drăgășani	Drăgășani	1		auxiliary fort	442218.548 350321.716
2	Ionești	Ionești	1		auxiliary fort	439755.178 376180.156
3	Râmnicu Vâlcea	Stolniceni	1		auxiliary fort	446145.741 394018.512
4	Dăești	Sânbotin	1		auxiliary fort	450930.593 408099.319
5	Călimănești	Jiblea	1	La Gaitini	auxiliary fort	449997.156 414836.096
6	Călimănești	Căciulata	2		auxiliary fort	446175.314 419844.413
7	Berislăvești	Rădăcinești	1		auxiliary fort	456297.276 420418.784
8	Perișani	Băiașu	1		auxiliary fort	453010.746 430263.236
9	Racoviţa	Copăceni	1		auxiliary fort	446091.577 433099.333
10	Racoviţa	Racoviţa	2		auxiliary fort	446145.910 433701.070
11	Titești	Cucoiu	1		auxiliary fort	452461.011 434755.126
12	Câineni	Câineni Mici	1		wachtower	445988.621 444511.985
13	Câineni	Râu Vadului	1		wachtower	443321.828 447358.985

Sibiu COUNTY

No.

TERRITORIAL

ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

LOCALITY

No. of

SITE/TAU

TOPONYM

TYPE OF SITE

COORDINATES IN

STEREO 70

Boiţa

auxiliary fort

442920.100

459411.021

Brașov COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Ucea	Feldioara	1		auxiliary fort	476055.952 477727.097
2	Voila	Cincșor	1		auxiliary fort	488883.421 481799.062
3	Râșnov	Râșnov	1		auxiliary fort	534552.530 457755.568
4	Hoghiz	Hoghiz	1		auxiliary fort	521733.461 497624.341
5	Moieciu	Drumul Carului	1	Drumul Carului	auxiliary fort	523618.633 441611.345

Covasna COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Boroșneu Mare	Boroșneu Mare	1		auxiliary fort	577706.621 480471.546
2	Reci	Reci	1		auxiliary fort	570042.604 483106.151
3	Bodoc	Olteni	1		auxiliary fort	565649.961 498366.488
4	Baraolt	Baraolt	1		auxiliary fort	543771.250 507057.029
5	Breţcu	Breţcu	1		auxiliary fort	601697.003 506514.396

Harghita COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Mărtiniș	Sânpaul	1		auxiliary fort	529404.940 521729.700
2	Mărtiniș	Bădeni	2		fortlet	526868.764 524219.196
3	Odorheiu Secuiesc	Odorheiu Secuiesc	1		auxiliary fort	523464.280 534713.394
4	Atid	Inlăceni	1		auxiliary fort	509216.061 547654.056

Mureș COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Sărăţeni	Săeăţeni	1		auxiliary fort	501065.811 562455.491
2	Eremitu	Călugăreni	1		auxiliary fort	490641.424 569662.248
3	Eremitu	Câmpul Cetăţii	2		whatchtower	499298.662 572968.337
4	Sovata	Săcădat	1		rampart	507624.396 574527.741
5	Chiheru de Jos	Chiheru de Jos	1		whatchtower	504401.600 579458.990
6	Ibănești	Ibănești	1		whatchtower	497130.677 583767.221
7	Hodac	Toaca	1		rampart	499392.033 594516.653
8	Ideciu de Jos	Ideciu de Sus	1		whatchtower	483957.416 593793.972
9	Brâncovenești	Brâncovenești	1		auxiliary fort	482336.182 595830.482
10	Vătava	Vătava	1		whatchtower	482681.532 611242.049
11	Deda	Deda	1		whatchtower	491031.681 611399.588

Teleorman COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
2	Putineiu	Putineiu	1		auxiliary fort	497336.579 266445.632
3	Salcia	Băneasa	1	Băneasa	auxiliary fort	497265.670 270791.104
4	Roșiorii de Vede	Roșiorii de Vede	1	Epureasca	whatchtower	495319.517 282361.460
5	Roșiorii de Vede	Roșiorii de Vede	2	Valea Urlui	auxiliary fort	495103.068 284618.067
6	Roșiorii de Vede	Roșiorii de Vede	3	Valea Mocanului	earthen rampart	495876.341 286077.342
7	Roșiorii de Vede	Roșiorii de Vede	4	Valea Mocanului	whatchtower	495753.9655 286061.989
8	Stejaru	Gresia	1	Gresia	auxiliary fort	493539.890 296981.341

Argeș COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Bârla	Afrimești	1	castru mic	auxiliary fort	481197.091 331673.330
2	Bârla	Afrimești	2	castru mare	auxiliary fort	481146.609 331801.305
3	Bârla	Bârla	3	Urluieni 1	whatchtower	483345.783 332320.019
4	Bârla	Bârla	4	Urluieni 2	whatchtower	484044.571 332612.566
5	Hârșești	Martalogi	1	Hârșești 1	whatchtower	484769.342 332996.340
6	Hârșești	Martalogi	2	Hârșești 2	whatchtower	485592.151 333478.805
7	Stolnic	Izbășești	1		auxiliary fort	483032.154 344864.182
8	Săpata	Mârtești	1		auxiliary fort	481396.191 356488.234
9	Săpata	Mârtești	2		auxiliary fort	481418.179 356592.644
10	Lunca Corbului	Lăngești	1		whatchtower	481723.352 356865.179
11	Albota	Mareș	1		whatchtower	486042.775 362574.646
12	Albota	Albota	2		auxiliary fort	487236.063 363535.781
13	Albota	Albota	3		whatchtower	489725.577 365606.178
14	Pitești	Pitești	1	Războieni	whatchtower	490530.656 371000.505
15	Micești	Purcăreni	1		auxiliary fort	491797.034 384262.661
16	Câmpulung	Câmpulung	1		auxiliary fort	501089.741 413470.086
17	Câmpulung	Câmpulung	2		fortlet	5011116.959 413470.669
18	Rucăr	Rucăr	1		auxiliary fort	514099.746 433202.809

Prahova COUNTY

No.	TERRITORIAL ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT	LOCALITY	No. of SITE/TAU	TOPONYM	TYPE OF SITE	COORDINATES IN STEREO 70
1	Drajna	Drajna de Sus	1		auxiliary fort	584229.839 418128.579
2	Dumbrăvești	Mălăiești	1		auxiliary fort	579852.784 399602.999
3	Târgșoru Vechi	Târgșorul Vechi	1		auxiliary fort	573369.071 377123.868

Buzău COUNTY

No.

TERRITORIAL

ADMINISTRATIVE UNIT

LOCALITY

No. of

SITE/TAU

TOPONYM

TYPE OF SITE

COORDINATES IN

STEREO 70

Pietroasele

auxiliary fort

624276.872

400560.707

Justification of Outstanding Universal Value

The registration of the Roman border crossing various countries was a joint objective, a trans-national Frontiers of the Roman Empire (FRE) monument being established in 2005. The goal of the LIMES programme is to draw up the documentation regarding the monuments composing the Roman border from Romania, the largest unitary heritage monument in the country, contributing with the longest sector, of over 1000 de km, to the unique UNESCO monument “Frontiers of the Roman Empire” (FRE). Most of the archaeological sites lie in rural areas, hence many are well preserved.

The research of the Roman border started in the 19th century, extensively carried out in the 1970’ies. Nevertheless, currently, the monuments composing the Roman border are not topographically mapped, yielding little archaeological information though.

The theme study which must be drafted and the propositions for the tentative national list suppose a comprehensive documentation for the draft of a list of monuments to be included, based on criteria also applied by the other European states and adapted to regional specificities, on the tentative UNESCO list. The documentation of these monuments, given the nature of the sites in Romania, is very difficult, hence the programme development under optimal conditions is key.

The known monuments which compose limes dacicus and those in Muntenia, which had been part of the province of Moesia, are rather numerous, however, they will be definitely enriched with other new as they are recorded. Fortifications with legionary or auxiliary troops in garrison, usually lie in valleys, close to most accessible communication routes, the border line being advanced by ca. 5 km, composed of towers and small fortifications. The latter are set in a varied background, commonly close to the tops of the highest hills. The auxiliary fortifications do not lie precisely on the border line, but at a distance of ca. 5 km behind the border. These must have been the specificities of the northern border (from Bologa - Cluj county to Orheiul Bistriței) and likely of that from east Transylvania, farther, southwards, up to Brețcu (Covasna county). In the west instead, the border line seems to have been made on the line of the imperial road (current road Orșova-Caransebeș-Hațeg-Alba-Iulia-Turda), without yet an identified tower line in front the important forts. All the elements of the Roman frontier system must be represented, as we know from the European analogies, that are the dossiers delivered to nominate the Frontiers of the Roman Empire in UNESCO, and these must have a significant contribution in justifying the Universal Value of the monument. Therefore, we have proposed the inscription of the most important civil settlements on the Western limes of Dacia, Alba-Iulia (Apulum) and Sarmizegetusa, no matter if they are overlapped or adjacent to fortresses. Moreover, especially for the importance in contributing to the Statement of the Universal Value, temporary camps in Orăștie Mountains have been added, one of the values being there earliest chronology, dating from the very beginning of the Roman conquest of Dacia. They reveal in a very special way the Roman army strategy in one of the most important conflicts of the Roman Empire. The single outposts lie in the gold mining area of the Apuseni Mountains.

In the south-eastern side, the border is set on the Olt valley, with the features of a riverine frontier, while for a short while, on a 5-30 km line (Eartern ramapart) east the Olt starting from Râșnov (Brașov county) to Ciuperceni (Teleorman county) on a ca. 200 km distance. The latter, functions discontinuously in the first half of the 2nd century and early 3rd century AD. In the rest of the periods, the functional border was that on the river.

Except the fortifications on the Danube line, there are also a few other important forts between the future limes transalutanus and the Danube, which had belonged under Trajan to the province of Moesia.

Criterion (ii): The remains of the Roman borders of the province of Dacia, are, together with the limes Germanicus, Hadrian’s Wall and the Antonine Wall, the most significant elements of the Roman borders present in Europe. The forts, burgi, towers, ramparts, walls, beside the connected infrastructure and civil settlements evidence an important exchange of human and cultural values, at the climax of the Roman empire, by the development of the Roman military architecture, extending the constructional technical and management knowledge to the edges of the empire. These structures mirror a complex border system imposed to existent societies starting from the northern side of the Roman empire, introducing firsthand military installations and civil dependent settlements connected by an extended infrastructure network. The Roman borders were not an impenetrable barrier, but they controlled and allowed the movement of the populations: of not only the military troops, but also of the civilians and traders. Thus, they triggered the exchange of cultural values by the displacement of soldiers and civilians of various ethnicities. This led to deep changes and developments in affected regions, in terms of human inhabitancy, architecture and landscaping habits in one word, the organisation of the surrounding space. Even today, Roman borders are an obvious part of the landscape.

Criterion (iii): As integral part of the general defensive system of the Roman empire, the Dacia limes has an extraordinary cultural value. It is an incontestable evidence of the maximum extension of the power of the Roman empire, by the enforcement of its northern border, a physical expression of the Roman imperial policy. It proves the Roman empire’s ambition to rule the whole world, in order to impose its laws and lifestyle in a long term view. It is evidence to the Roman colonisation in afferent territories, of the diffusion of the Roman culture and varied traditions – military, engineering, architectural, religious, economic and political – and of the many human settlements associated to state defence, which contribute to the understanding of the life of the Roman soldiers and their families in this part of the empire.

Criterion (iv): The Dacian limes is a remarkable example of Roman military architecture, of the constructional techniques and their evolution, accomplished by the engineers of the time, over several generations. It proves the variety and sophistication of the Roman’s answer to the specific topography and climate, or to the political, military and social circumstances from the northern part of the empire, which are also found in the entire European side of the empire, thus impacting most later developments in this part of the world.

Statements of authenticity and/or integrity

The selected parts for registration are of a high authenticity degree, each verified by extended scientific studies. The materials and substance of the underground archaeological remains are very well preserved, similarly to the remains visible at surface level. The shape and design of each part of the Roman border in Dacia are clear and easy to establish and associate. Later developments, overlapping border parts, although few, are a vertical buffer-area. There is a small number of restorations of the border elements, among the forts especially, also aligned to the vertical buffer-areas category. The Dacian limes joins all Roman border elements visible on other sectors as well: natural barriers, fortification lines in the form of rampart and ditch or even wall, fort networks, burgi and towers. The majority of its structures lay underground, never excavated. Excavated parts were protected according to the latest standards and are in general in a good state.

The proposed parts show the extraordinary complexity of the Roman border in its European side. Although some parts, quantitatively few, were affected by natural and anthropic processes, the integrity of the structure is proven by its visible parts and those underground. Plenty of elements were researched and very few of them were later built on top, while where reconstructions are corresponding, they were included in the system. The overwhelming majority of the Dacian limes is found in the rural environment, lies underground with significant parts noticeable on the surface. Many individual sites are impeccably preserved.

Comparison with other similar properties

The Roman empire, at the peak of its territorial extension, was one of the largest empires in history. Enclosing the Mediterranean Sea, it was protected by a border system flowing constantly all around.

The limits of the Roman empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Black Sea in the east, from central Scotland to the north, to the northern boundaries of southern Sahara. The Roman frontier was completed in the 2nd century AD. It has an approximate length of 5000 km, being formed of linear barriers (earthen ramparts with palisades or stone walls), beside legionary fortresses and auxiliary forts, towers, limes roads and many civil settlements. Best preserved limes portions are found in England, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.

Until now, three sectors of the Roman border were registered in LPM UNESCO: Hadrian’s Wall (1987), the Limes Germanicus (2005) and the Anonine Wall (2008).

Spread on 130 km, from one shore to another of northern England, Hadrian’s Wall was built at the order of the emperor, in AD 122, as a linear continuous barrier on the northern limit of the Roman province of Britannia. The continuous wall between the two shores was preceded by a line composed of rampart, ditch and palisade, along several forts and burgi, as well as watch towers, all linked by a vast road network.

The German limes spreads on a length of 550 km, between the Rhine and the Danube and was built in stages, over the 2nd century AD. With its forts, burgi, towers, physical barriers, connecting infrastructure and civil settlements, it is an incontestable evidence of an inter-human values and civilisation exchange via the development of the military architecture in areas until then poorly developed. It was not only a military barrier, but also a system of economic and cultural limits. It is also an excellent example of topographical and engineering accuracy of the Romans.

The Antonine Wall was built around AD 140, in the attempt to partially conquer Scotland and extend the province of Britannia by a few tens of km northward. By its military and civil constructions it evidences an active cultural exchange between the civilisations. As it was in use only for a generation, it is a photography of the Roman frontiers, at a given moment in time, especially in terms of design and initiation of the constructional work.

Other sectors of the Roman border from Europe pending enlisting on the tentative PM list of UNESCO: the limes of Germania Inferior (joint effort Germany-the Netherlands), the Danube limes (with national sectors for Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania). These are, in overwhelming majority, riverine frontiers, set along the two most rivers of Europe – the Rhine and the Danube. Therefore, they exhibit specificities typical to a river frontier, lacking linear barriers and tower networks. It has, instead, a network of well situated forts, interconnected and connected to the civil world of the provinces via a complete road network and provided with strategic crossing points of the two important rivers.

The Dacian limes is the longest land Roman border sector of Europe, stretching over more than 1000 km. It is the most complex unitary concept of Roman border within the empire, bringing together all the other systems, alternately used in the Roman world. Its existence provides an entirely different view of the Danube limes system. Doubled for more than one century and a half by the Dacian limes, it somewhat became complementary to the latter, if not even inactive, for this period. The high variation degree of the geographical conditions in Dacia required an adapted frontier by alternating various systems within the same provincial border: limes Porolissensis is a continuous alternate between the linear barriers and tower network-systems. In the west and along the Olt, are noted continuous lines of fortification along certain roads.

Its positioning mostly outside built-up areas provides the opportunity of a reliable protection, while accessibility is a management issue, making the cultural tourism along the Dacian limes a feasible goal.

In the end, the Roman cultural heritage has a privileged place in the Romanian identity and culture, as it is the evidence of the Latin inheritance. Therefore, the authorities and the public of Romania are interested in its protection and valuation, especially most recently.

Cultural Criteria:	i	ii	iii	iv	v	vi
Natural Criteria:	vii	viii	ix	x

Share on social media