State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 608 Housing 381 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 215 Ground transport infrastructure 200 Legal framework 151 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 112 Management activities 106 Illegal activities 104 Mining 89 Surface water pollution 76 Water infrastructure 73 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 61 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 58 Major linear utilities 52 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Forestry /wood production 45 Renewable energy facilities 40 Commercial development 39 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Financial resources 38 Land conversion 36 Storms 31 Solid waste 28 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 28 Underground transport infrastructure 25 Water (extraction) 25 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Governance 23 Invasive / alien freshwater species 22 Civil unrest 21 Earthquake 21 Water (rain/water table) 20 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Air pollution 13 Crop production 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Localised utilities 11 Other climate change impacts 11 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 8 Industrial areas 7 Air transport infrastructure 7 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Relative humidity 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 War 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1