State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 617 Housing 389 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 221 Ground transport infrastructure 200 Legal framework 154 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 111 Management activities 107 Illegal activities 104 Mining 94 Surface water pollution 85 Water infrastructure 77 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 64 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 59 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 49 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Renewable energy facilities 42 Commercial development 41 Financial resources 40 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Land conversion 36 Storms 33 Solid waste 29 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 29 Water (extraction) 27 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Invasive / alien freshwater species 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Earthquake 23 Governance 23 Water (rain/water table) 22 Civil unrest 20 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Fire (widlfires) 19 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Crop production 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Localised utilities 13 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Other climate change impacts 11 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 10 Industrial areas 9 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Air transport infrastructure 8 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Relative humidity 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1