State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 629 Housing 394 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 224 Ground transport infrastructure 204 Legal framework 160 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 112 Management activities 107 Illegal activities 106 Mining 96 Surface water pollution 85 Water infrastructure 78 Interpretative and visitation facilities 65 Oil and gas 64 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 60 Major linear utilities 53 Forestry /wood production 49 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Renewable energy facilities 43 Commercial development 41 Financial resources 40 Deliberate destruction of heritage 39 Land conversion 37 Storms 33 Solid waste 30 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 29 Water (extraction) 27 Underground transport infrastructure 25 Invasive / alien freshwater species 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Governance 24 Earthquake 23 Water (rain/water table) 22 Civil unrest 21 Fire (widlfires) 20 Human resources 20 Quarrying 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 19 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 16 Crop production 15 Society's valuing of heritage 15 Localised utilities 14 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Other climate change impacts 11 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 10 Industrial areas 9 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Air transport infrastructure 8 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 6 Relative humidity 6 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 5 Flooding 5 Temperature change 5 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 War 3 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Low impact research / monitoring activities 2 Temperature 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 Hyper-abundant species 1