Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
Situated on the ancient trade route between Central Asia and northern Europe, Novgorod was Russia's first capital in the 9th century. Surrounded by churches and monasteries, it was a centre for Orthodox spirituality as well as Russian architecture. Its medieval monuments and the 14th-century frescoes of Theophanes the Greek (Andrei Rublev's teacher) illustrate the development of its remarkable architecture and cultural creativity.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Monuments historiques de Novgorod et de ses environs
Située sur l'ancienne route commerciale entre l'Asie centrale et l'Europe du Nord, Novgorod était la première capitale de la Russie au IXe siècle. Entourée d'églises et de monastères, elle devint un foyer de spiritualité orthodoxe ainsi qu'un centre de l'architecture russe. Ses monuments médiévaux et les fresques du XIVe siècle de Théophane le Grec (professeur d'Andreï Roublev), illustrent le développement de cette architecture et de cette créativité culturelle remarquables.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
نصب نوفغورود وجوارها التاريخيّة
كانت نوفغورد أولى عواصم روسيا في القرن التاسع وهي تقع على الطريق التجاريّة القديمة بين آسيا الوسطى وأوروبا الشماليّة. تحيطها الكنائس والأديرة وقد استحالت موئل الروحانيّة الأرثوذكسيّة كما مركز الهندسة الروسيّة. تُجسّد نصب القرون الوسطى وجدرانيّات القرن الرابع عشر من أعمال تيوفان اليوناني (أستاذ أندري روبليف) تطوّر هذا الفنّ الهندسي وهذا الإبداع الثقافي المميز.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
诺夫哥罗德及其周围的历史古迹
诺夫哥罗德是中亚通往北欧的古代贸易要道,也是9世纪时俄国的第一个首都。由于拥有众多的教堂和修道院,诺夫哥罗德成为东正教的牧师中心和俄国的建筑中心。它的中世纪遗址群以及14世纪希腊狄奥凡(安德烈·鲁比洛夫的老师)的壁画,描述了这座城市的著名建筑的发展以及文化创造力。
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Исторические памятники Великого Новгорода и окрестностей
Новгород, выгодно располагаясь на древнем торговом пути между Средней Азией и Северной Европой, был в IX в. первой столицей России, центром православной духовности и русской архитектуры. Его средневековые памятники, церкви и монастыри, а также фрески Феофана Грека (учителя Андрея Рублева), датируемые XIV в., наглядно иллюстрируют выдающийся уровень архитектурного и художественного творчества.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Monumentos históricos de Novgorod y sus alrededores
Situada en la antigua ruta comercial entre el Asia Central y Europa Septentrional, Novgorod fue la primera capital de Rusia en el siglo IX. Con sus numerosas iglesias y monasterios, esta ciudad fue un centro importante de la vida espiritual ortodoxa y de la arquitectura rusa. Sus monumentos medievales y los frescos ejecutados en el siglo XIV por Teófanes el Griego, el maestro de Andrei Rublev, ilustran el extraordinario desarrollo alcanzado por la arquitectura y la creación artística de la época.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
ノヴゴロドの文化財とその周辺地区
12~15世紀に自由都市国家として栄えたノブゴロド公国は、ボルホル川を通じてヨーロッパとロシアを結ぶ貿易の中心地だった。11世紀半ばに建てられた、ノブゴロドの建造物で最も古い聖ソフィア寺院は、タマネギ型のクーポラ(円屋根)をのせたビザンチン様式建築で、内部にはモザイクで装飾された多くの礼拝堂がある。source: NFUAJ
Historische monumenten van Novgorod en omgeving
Novgorod ligt aan de oude handelsroute tussen Centraal-Azië en Noord-Europa en was de eerste hoofdstad van Rusland in de 9e eeuw. De stad – omringd door kerken en kloosters – was een van de belangrijkste centra van de Russische cultuur en spiritualiteit. De middeleeuwse monumenten en 14e-eeuwse fresco’s van Theophanes de Griek illustreren de ontwikkeling van Novgorods opmerkelijke architectuur en culturele creativiteit. De stad was een uitmuntend cultureel centrum en de geboorteplaats van de nationale stijl van steenarchitectuur en een van de oudste nationale scholen van de schilderkunst. Novgorod heeft hierdoor veel invloed gehad op de ontwikkeling van de Russische kunst als geheel gedurende de middeleeuwen.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
The town of Novgorod, the earliest documentary reference to which dates from the 9th century, lay on the trade routes linking the Baltic and Scandinavian countries of northern Europe with Central Asia and Byzantium.
A serial property, the Historic Monuments of Novgorod and its Surroundings have a direct relation to the process of establishment of the Old Russian state in 9th-10th centuries. The urban aristocracy that governed the city-republic through a People's Assembly (Vece) invited a prince from the Swedish (Varangian) dynasty of the Rurikids to reign over the Russian lands throughout 700 years.
Due to the care of its Orthodox archbishops, Novgorod was one of the oldest and most important centres of Russian art and, more generally, of Russian culture. The most ancient Russian Old Church Slavonic manuscripts (11th century) were written at Novgorod, including an autonomous historiography (as early as the 12th century) and, in particular, the first complete translation into Slavonic of the Old and New Testaments (late 15th century). Novgorod was a birthplace of the national style of stone architecture, and one of the oldest national schools of painting.
The majority of historical monuments are associated with Novgorod Republic (12th-15th centuries) which itself was a unique phenomenon of Medieval Russia. It was only after the conquest of the two republics (1478, in the case of Novgorod) by the Muscovite rulers that the present Russian capital acquired cultural supremacy.
Novgorod’s historic monuments are situated not only in the city centre but also in some outlying areas. In Novgorod itself, there is the district of Saint Sophia, including the Kremlin with its 15th-century fortifications, reinforced in the 17th century; the church of St. Sophia from the mid-11th century; and other monuments from the 12th to 19th centuries. There are monuments in the commercial district, including many of the oldest churches in the town, such as the Church of the Transfiguration, decorated with frescoes at the end of the 14th century by Theophanes the Greek, who was the teacher of Andrei Rublev. There are also four religious monuments from the 12th and 13th centuries outside the old town, including the famous Saviour Church on Nereditsa.
The outstanding archaeological and cultural layers of Novgorod of 10th-17th centuries occupy an area of about 347 ha, with a depth of 7-8 metres and are waterlogged and anaerobic, thus preserving organic materials.
Criterion (ii): An outstanding cultural centre, the birthplace of the national style of stone architecture, and one of the oldest national schools of painting, the town of Novgorod influenced the development of Russian art throughout the Middle Ages.
Criterion (iv): With the broad range of monuments conserved in Novgorod, the town is a veritable conservatory of Russian architecture of the Middle Ages and later periods (11th-19th centuries). These monuments alone suffice to illustrate the development of Russian architecture.
Criterion (vi): Novgorod was one of the major centres of Russian culture and spirituality; its monuments and the treasures they house bear living witness to this.
Integrity
The property Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings is a serial property, and the integrity of each of its components is provided by the buffer and protection zones. The attributes that express the Outstanding Universal Value can be found within the boundaries and prove the significant importance of the property as an an integral architectural ensemble that evolved harmoniously over the centuries. A significant proportion of the archaeological remains are within the boundaries of the property.
The components' attributes as well as the dynamic and functional links between them remain undamaged and completely meet the criteria of Outstanding Universal Value. The property suffers from a number of pressures relating to development, infrastructure and environmental change.
Authenticity
The Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings meet the criteria of authenticity, as their foundation dates and authorship are documented and confirmed by field studies.
The archaeological and cultural layer of the city has high authenticity and is dated by highly developed means of dendrochronology, which have received a worldwide recognition.
All the components of this World Heritage Property possess the characteristics of original artefacts. This serves as a basis for their use in international tourism. The monuments of the property have been conserved since the end of the 19th century and restoration activities were always preceded by overall research to ensure that materials identical to the originals would be used. This also had a positive impact on the understanding and conservation of the property’s Outstanding Universal Value.
As a result, this World Heritage Property possesses attributes that fully express its Outstanding Universal Value.
Protection and management requirements
All the components of the property Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings are within the boundaries of the historical, architectural and archaeological nature reserve established by the Resolution of the Council of People’s Deputies of Novgorod Region No. 366, dated 25 September 1985. The archaeological and cultural layer is under protection of the Regulation of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation No. 624, dated 4 December 1974.
Consequently, scheduled controls of the buildings within the nature reserve are constantly being performed, and ensure that archaeological excavations are undertaken before construction activities are carried out. Security zones of architectural monuments have been developed and approved. Since 2014, the Committee of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites of the Novgorod Region has been acting as a management group on the protection and management of the World Heritage property. In 1997, the Novgorod City Administration approved a cadastral plan of Cultural and Historical Heritage Sites of Novgorod, which improved the monitoring system.
Federal funds are used for the conservation of components of the World Heritage property administered by the Novgorod nature reserve as museum pieces, as well as the monuments managed by religious institutions. The monuments overseen by the City Administration are conserved by means of the municipal budget. From the last decade of the 20th century, activities have been carried out aiming at conservation of the property and have enabled the removal of ascertained threats of either development or neglect. The existing protection and management systems are considered effective.
Further improvements to the property could include: promotion of the property by local communities, enterprises, regional government and visitors; provision of adequate human resources for the management and monitoring of the property; research-based management; improvements to the monitoring of monuments; enhancement of the mechanisms to finance restorations; improvement of the visitor management system; development of scientific research projects with the participation of research studies institutes as a source of expert knowledge; continuation of archaeological studies; examination of the pressures exerted on the property; and study of the flow of tourists.