State of Conservation

States Parties

Albania Andorra Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Canada Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands (Kingdom of the) North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Türkiye Ukraine United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United States of America

Threats

Management systems/ management plan 614 Housing 384 Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation 219 Ground transport infrastructure 197 Legal framework 157 Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure 109 Management activities 106 Illegal activities 103 Mining 96 Surface water pollution 87 Water infrastructure 78 Oil and gas 65 Interpretative and visitation facilities 64 Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure 59 Major linear utilities 52 Forestry /wood production 50 Marine transport infrastructure 45 Commercial development 41 Renewable energy facilities 41 Financial resources 41 Deliberate destruction of heritage 38 Land conversion 35 Storms 34 Solid waste 30 Erosion and siltation/ deposition 30 Water (extraction) 28 Underground transport infrastructure 24 Water (rain/water table) 24 Earthquake 24 Invasive / alien freshwater species 24 Invasive/alien terrestrial species 24 Governance 21 Human resources 21 Quarrying 20 Civil unrest 20 Fire (widlfires) 19 Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community 18 Input of excess energy 17 Ground water pollution 16 Crop production 16 High impact research / monitoring activities 15 Non-renewable energy facilities 14 Society's valuing of heritage 14 Localised utilities 13 Air pollution 13 Pollution of marine waters 12 Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals 11 Industrial areas 10 Air transport infrastructure 9 Fishing/collecting aquatic resources 9 Other climate change impacts 9 Relative humidity 8 Commercial hunting 7 Micro-organisms 7 Temperature change 5 Changes in traditional ways of life and knowledge system 4 Flooding 4 Subsistence hunting 3 Wind 3 Temperature 2 Ritual / spiritual / religious and associative uses 2 Avalanche/ landslide 2 Radiation/light 1 Indigenous hunting, gathering and collecting 1 War 1 Hyper-abundant species 1 Low impact research / monitoring activities 1