Tusi Sites
Tusi Sites
Located in the mountainous areas of south-west China, this property encompasses remains of several tribal domains whose chiefs were appointed by the central government as ‘Tusi’, hereditary rulers from the 13th to the early 20thcentury. The Tusi system arose from the ethnic minorities’ dynastic systems of government dating back to the 3rd century BCE. Its purpose was to unify national administration, while allowing ethnic minorities to retain their customs and way of life. The sites of Laosicheng, Tangya and Hailongtun Fortress that make up the site bear exceptional testimony to this form of governance, which derived from the Chinese civilization of the Yuan and Ming periods.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Sites du tusi
Situé dans les régions montagneuses du sud-ouest de la Chine, le bien comprend une série de vestiges de domaines tribaux, dont les chefs étaient nommés gouverneurs de leurs régions respectives par le gouvernement central, entre le XIIIe et le début du XXe siècle. Le système du « tusi » découlait des systèmes de gouvernance dynastique des minorités ethniques remontant au IIIe siècle av. J.-C., et avait pour but d’unifier l’administration nationale, tout en permettant aux minorités ethniques de préserver leurs coutumes et leurs modes de vie. Les sites de Laosicheng, de Tangya et de la forteresse de Hailongtun qui composent le bien, apportent un témoignage exceptionnel sur cette forme de gouvernance issue de la civilisation chinoise des époques Yuan et Ming.
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
مواقع توسي
يوجد الموقع في مناطق جبلية جنوب غرب الصين ويشمل سلسلة من الآثار التي تعود إلى قبائل كانت الحكومة المركزية تعيِّن زعماءها حكاماً على المناطق التي ينتمون إليها، وذلك بين القرن الثالث عشر وبداية القرن العشرين. وانبثق نظام "توسي" من أنظمة الحكم السلالي الخاصة بالأقليات الإثنية، وهي أنظمة يعود تاريخها إلى القرن الثالث قبل الميلاد. وكان هدفه توحيد النهج الإداري على الصعيد الوطني وتمكين الأقليات الإثنية في الوقت ذاته من الحفاظ على تقاليدها وأساليب عيشها. وتقدّم مواقع لاوسيشنغ وتانغيا وقلعة هايلونغتون التي يتألف منها الموقع دليلاً استثنائياً على نظام حكم انبثق من الحضارة الصينية في عهد سلالتَي يوان ومينغ.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
土司遗址
这片遗址位于中国西南山区，包括一系列部落领地。这些领地的首领被中央政府任命为“土司”，是这里十三至二十世纪世袭的统治者。土司制度起源于公元前三世纪少数民族地区的王朝统治体系。其目的是为了既保证国家统一的集权管理，又保留少数民族的生活和风俗习惯。湖南老司城，湖北唐崖和贵州海龙屯均属于这片遗址，它是中华文明在元、明两代发展出的这种统治制度的特殊见证。
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Архитектурный комплекс китайских правителей «тусы»
Объект, расположенный в горных районах юго-западной части Китая, представляет руины поселений племен с особой системой управления, сложившейся в период с XIII по начало XX века. Вожди племен – «тусы» – назначались центральными органами власти на должности правителей соответствующих регионов. Истоки этой системы восходят к появившимся в III веке до н.э. системам династического управления этническими меньшинствами. Такая система ставила целью унифицировать управление на национальном уровне и в то же время давала возможность этническим меньшинствам сохранять свои обычаи и образ жизни. Объект включает руины древних городов Лаосычэн и Танъя, а также крепости Хайлунтунь, которые служат замечательным свидетельством данной формы государственного управления, берущей свое начало в китайской цивилизации эпохи династий Юань и Мин.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
Sitios del sistema tusi
Situado en las regiones montañosas del sudoeste de China, este bien cultural comprende una serie de vestigios de territorios tribales cuyos jefes fueron nombrados gobernadores de los mismos por el poder central, desde el siglo XIII hasta principios del siglo XX. El sistema tusi se deriva de las estructuras del gobierno dinástico de las minorías étnicas, cuyos orígenes se remontan al siglo III a.C. Su finalidad era doble: unificar la administración nacional y permitir al mismo tiempo que esas minorías conservaran sus costumbres y modos de vida ancestrales. El bien cultural comprende los sitios de Laosicheng y Tangya, así como la fortaleza de Hailongtun, que constituyen testimonios excepcionales de esta forma de gobierno emanada de la civilización china en los tiempos de las dinastías Yuan y Ming.
source: UNESCO/CPE
Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0
土司の遺跡群
土司とは、中国中央政府によって任命され、中国南西部の山岳地帯を中心に、分散する地域を代々支配してきた部族の長のこと。この行政システムにより、政府は地方の少数民族に独自の習慣や生活様式を維持することを認めながら、国家統一を目指した。老司城、唐崖、海龍屯要塞の3つからなる遺跡は、13世紀から20世紀初期にかけての土司による政治制度を表現している。中国南西部の少数民族文化と、中国国家のアイデンティティの間での価値の交換や交流が見られる点で貴重である。source: NFUAJ
Tusi locaties
Gelegen in de bergachtige gebieden van Zuidwest-China, omvat dit werelderfgoed overblijfselen uit verschillende tribale gebieden. De stamleiders hiervan werden door de centrale overheid benoemd als ‘Tusi’, erfelijke heersers van de 13e tot de vroege 20ste eeuw. Het Tusi-systeem ontstond uit eerdere dynastieke regeringsvormen, die teruggaan tot de derde eeuw voor Christus. Het doel van het systeem was enerzijds het vestigen van één nationaal gezag, terwijl anderzijds etnische minderheden hun gewoonten en manier van leven konden behouden. De locaties Laosicheng, Tangya en het Hailongtun Fort die deel uitmaken van de site, komen voort uit de Chinese beschaving van de Yuan- en Ming-periodes en getuigen op buitengewone wijze van deze vorm van bestuur.
Source: unesco.nl
Outstanding Universal Value
Brief synthesis
Distributed around the mountainous areas of south-west China are the remains of tribal domains whose leaders were appointed by the central government as ‘Tusi’, hereditary rulers of their regions from the 13th to the early 20th century. This system of administrative government was aimed at unifying national administration while simultaneously allowing ethnic minorities to retain their customs and way of life. The three sites of Laosicheng, Tangya and the Hailongtun Fortress combine as a serial property to represent this system of governance. The archaeological sites and standing remains of Laosicheng Tusi Domain and Hailongtun Fortress represent domains of highest ranking Tusi; the Memorial Archway and remains of the Administration Area, boundary walls, drainage ditches and tombs at Tangya Tusi Domain represent the domain of a lower ranked Tusi. Their combinations of local ethnic and central Chinese features exhibit an interchange of values and testify to imperial Chinese administrative methods, while retaining their association with the living cultural traditions of the ethnic minority groups represented by the cultural traditions and practices of the Tujia communities at Laosicheng.
Criterion (ii): Tusi sites of Laosicheng, Tangya and the Hailongtun Fortress clearly exhibit the interchange of human values between local ethnic cultures of Southwest China, and national identity expressed through the structures of the central government.
Criterion (iii): The sites of Laosicheng, Tangya and the Hailongtun Fortress are evidence of the Tusi system of governance in the South-western region of China and thus bear exceptional testimony to this form of governance which derived from earlier systems of ethnic minority administration in China, and to the Chinese civilisation in the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods.
Integrity
The property contains all elements necessary to express its Outstanding Universal Value and is of adequate size to ensure the complete representation of the features and processes which convey the property’s significance. Later layers of occupation overlay parts of the Tusi period remains at Laosicheng and Hailongtun but there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate Outstanding Universal Value. Parts of the property at Hailongtun and Tangya are vulnerable to vegetation growth. The property is vulnerable to erosion impacts of heavy rainfall, and could become vulnerable to pressure due to visitor numbers and the development of tourism infrastructure.
Authenticity
The authenticity of material remains at the three component parts of the property in terms of function, form and layout, materials and style of construction, location and setting is retained. Authenticity of spirit and traditions is high in Laosicheng due to the presence of Tujia ethnic minority groups in the property area.
Protection and management requirements
The property components are designated as State Priority Protected Cultural Heritage Sites under the Law on the Protection for Cultural Relics 1982, amended 2007. They are also protected under relevant provincial legislation. Laosicheng and Tangya Tusi sites are within designated National/Provincial Scenic Areas and protected by the Regulations on Scenic Areas 2006. The property area and buffer zone are protected in accordance with regulations relating to the Protected Area and Construction Control Zone of State Priority Protected Cultural Heritage Sites.
Management of the three component parts is co-ordinated at the provincial level under the State Administration of Cultural Heritage (SACH) by a steering group created by the Joint Agreement Concerning Protection and Management of Tusi Sites. This comprises representatives of Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou Provinces in which the component parts of the property are located. Management offices at each of the components relate through their relevant county administration and People’s Government and Autonomous Prefectures to the People’s Government of their relevant provincial administrations. The Steering Group is led by the Cultural Heritage Bureau of Hunan Province to establish common standards for management of the property including joint research projects, meetings and training courses for staff.
Conservation and Management Plans have been prepared for each of the component parts of the property for the period 2013-2030 including visitor management and presentation and monitoring of factors relating to natural disasters. The management system and plans will be strengthened to ensure overall control of tourism projects directed at retention of Outstanding Universal Value.
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