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Activities 197
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Documents 4159
Events 775
FAQ 77
News 1888
Pages 46
Partners 26
Publications 83
State of Conservation 3010
States Parties 56
Tentative Lists 1241
World Heritage Properties 195
11325.
Nestled high in West Himalaya, India’s Valley of Flowers National Park is renowned for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and outstanding natural beauty. This richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals, including the Asiatic black bear, snow leopard, brown bear and blue sheep. The gentle landscape of the Valley of Flowers National Park complements ...
11326.
The Qadisha valley is one of the most important early Christian monastic settlements in the world. Its monasteries, many of which are of a great age, stand in dramatic positions in a rugged landscape. Nearby are the remains of the great forest of cedars of Lebanon, highly prized in antiquity for the construction of great religious buildings. 850Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy ...
11327.
A l'est de la Belgique, le plateau hercynien pénéplané, puis à nouveau exhaussé, forme la série des collines ardennaises. Les plus élevées dessinent une ligne de crête, d'orientation sud-ouest nord-ouest, que l'on peut suivre depuis la Croix Scaille (505m), par la Barrière de Charnplon (589m), la Baraque de Fraiture (652m), la Baraque Michel (672m), le signal de Botrange ...
11328.
Yoros Fortress
41°10'49.41" N - 29°05'46.89" E
Galata Tower
41°01'35.85" N - 28°58'26.88" E
Foça Fortress
38°40'09.25" N - 26°45'02.78" E
Çandarlı Fortress
38°56'01.69" N - 26°56'01.50" E
Çeşme Fortress
38°19´24.60" N - 26°18´12.49" E
Amasra Fortress
41°45'02.84" N - 32°23'03.83" E
Akçakoca ...
11329.
Peru was the seat of the viceroyalty created by the Spanish Crown in 1542, at first its territory included almost all of South America, although the creation of the viceroyalties of New Granada in 1717 and the viceroyalty of La Plata in 1776 reduced its territory, until before independence it was the main possession of the Spanish Monarchy in South America and the main ...
11330.
The cultural property called Routes of Santiago de Compostela in Portugal stands as the Portuguese contribution to the most famous pilgrimage of Western Europe, benefiting from physical vicinity to Compostela and from the extensive road network of the peninsular Northwest.
The impact of the discovery of the Apostle's tomb in Compostela (which occurred in the decade of 20 ...
11331.
Peru,a) Agricultural encroachment;
b) Livestock keeping;
c) Deforestation/ Illegal logging;
d) Hydrocarbon concesssions;
e) Infrastructure developments (road construction);
f) Human occupation in the National Park;
g) Illegal hunting, fishing and extraction of non-timber forest products;
h) Coca cultivation;
i) Management capacity and financing.,On 4 March 2011, the State ...
11332.
Russian Federation,Mining, Oil/Gas Exploration
Additional Details:
Federal Law; pollution; pulp and paper mill, decline in seal population; Baikal Commission; oil and gas pipeline,Following the invitation by the Russian authorities, as requested by the Committee (26 COM 21(b) 19 and 27 COM 7B.19), the high-level mission took place with meetings in the Ministry of Natural ...
11333.
Germany,
Noise pollution and traffic increase;
Potential impacts of the Rhine crossing project;
Lack of a Master Plan for the sustainable development of the property.
,On 8 August 2012, the State Party invited an ICOMOS advisory mission to evaluate the operation of a cable car in the city of Koblenz, located in the World Heritage property. As proposed by ICOMOS, the scope ...
11334.
Uzbekistan,
Management systems/management plan (Lack of a comprehensive conservation and management plan)
Management activities
Housing; Commercial development (Major interventions carried out, including demolition and re-building activities)
Legal framework (Need to reinforce the national legal framework)
Human resources (inadequate)
Financial resources (inadequate)
,On ...
11335.
Hungary,
Large scale reconstruction
Building heights and regulations
Demolition and inappropriate development in the buffer zone known as the ‘Jewish Quarter’
Inappropriate use of public areas and street amenities
Lack of conservation of residential housing in the area inscribed as World Heritage
Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure (increased traffic ...
11336.
N id
Nom de l’élément
Département
Coordonnées du point central
Surface de l’élément
Surface de la zone tampon
1
Utah Beach
Manche
1 10 56 W ; 49 25 55 N
954 ha
3170 ha
2
Pointe du Hoc
Calvados
0 59 17 W ; 49 23 41 N
20 ha
170 ha
3
Omaha Beach
Calvados
0 52 08 W ; 49 22 07 N
1 128 ha
450 ...
11337.
The Cathedral Church “The Assumption of Virgin Mary” at Curtea de Argeş: N45°09'24.53" N24° 40'31.65"The Church of the “Three Holy Hierarchs” at Iassy (Iaşi): N47°09'35.24" E27° 35'04.14"
Princely religious foundations in Wallachia and Moldavia is a serial nomination of two component parts: The Cathedral Church “The Assumption of Virgin Mary” at Curtea de Argeş, Argeş ...
11338.
Morocco,a) Pressures linked to development and the need to preserve the landscape;
b) Implementation of a large-scale construction project at the entrance to the property;
c) Lack of a management plan. ,Since 2005, large-scale development projects undertaken on the property of Volubilis are cause for concern. These new, large-scale constructions have a serious visual ...
11339.
Belgium,
Potential impacts of new construction projects
Gradual erosion of the attributes that convey the Outstanding Universal Value and consequently threaten the integrity of the property with regards to its overall coherence and originality.
,On 31 January 2014, the State Party submitted a State of conservation report, which is available at ...
11340.
Viet Nam,
Population growth;
Increased tourism pressure and development;
Urban and industrial development;
Lack of financial and technical resources;
Absence of an integrated planning approach.
,From 6 to 10 November 2013, an IUCN reactive monitoring mission visited the property, in accordance with Decision 37 COM 7B.16 (Phnom Penh, 2013). Subsequently, on 25 January 2014, ...
11341.
Chile,
Extremely fragile nature of the industrial buildings that were constructed using local materials such as timber for frames, corrugated iron sheets for roofs and some walls, in addition to stucco and lightweight construction;
Lack of maintenance over the past 40 years as well as vandalism at the property;
Corrosion of metal cladding and dismantlement of some of the ...
11342.
India,
Decline in the population of Siberian cranes (issue resolved)
Inadequate water supply and competition for water with neighbouring communities
Poor water (quality and quantity) management
Invasive species (Prosopis, Eichhornia, Paspalum)(already an issue in the past)
,On 8 December 2016, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report. A summary of this ...
11343.
The industriel complexes in Ostrava are quite unique in the international contexte since they comprise, in a single locality, coal mines, coking plants and blast furnaces, thus representing the complete and concentrated technology of anthracite-based production of iron.
The Ostrava industriel heritage is an integral part of the picture of this regional administrative ...
11344.
A/ The Monasteries of the Arab Desert:
Arid and mountainous, the Arab Desert stretches its great lonely spaces from the Nile Valley to the Red Sea. The monasteries of St. Anthony and of St. Paul are about 10 km south of Zafarana, a place on the western shore of the Red Sea (about 230 km south-east of Cairo). The first monastery is on the flank of Gabal al-Alaa ...
11345.
The historic fortress of Gwalior, was initiated by Raja Sourya Sena who finished the fortification system around the plateau in 773CE. As per its strategic location on the basalt rock hills, it is mentioned as ‘Gopachala, Gopagiri’ and other allied names all meaning ‘cowherds’ hill in the old Sanskrit Inscriptions. The modern name Gwalior appears to have been derived from ...
11346.
In April 2023, during her visit to Chernihiv and her meeting with the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky, Audrey Azoulay, Director-General of UNESCO, committed to support efforts to rehabilitate the historic centre of Chernihiv, deeply affected in the early months of the war by the attacks from the Russian Federation. To draw up this important planning tool, a new ...
11347.
Portugal,,On 8 February 2012, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report that responded to the recommendations of the ICOMOS advisory mission invited by the State Party to consider the potential impact of the Foz Tua Hydro-electric Dam Project. The mission was carried out from 4 to 6 April 2011. By that time, planning for the Foz Tua Hydro-electric Dam ...
11348.
Russian Federation,a) Quality of new design projects in the inscribed zone;
b) High-rise development ;
c) Confusion over definition and extent of inscribed property and its buffer zones.,On 28 February 2012, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 35th session (UNESCO, 2011).
a) Boundary issues
The State ...
11349.
Saint Lucia,Development pressures associated with tourism and housing,A state of conservation report on this property was requested by the World Heritage Committee in Decision 32 COM 7B.40 referred to above, in which, inter alia, the World Heritage Committee noted with concern that development continues to affect the integrity of the property, which if not urgently ...
11350.
Kenya,a) Lack of action plan for delivering the management plan;
b) Lack of risk preparedness, especially in the case of fire;
c) Lack of adequate sewerage and waste disposal and overall infrastructure;
d) Uncontrolled development;
e) Lack of resources;
f) Urban and industrial development pressure, including possible new port and of oil exploration;
g) Inadequate buffer ...
11351.
Costa Rica,Panama,a) Construction of hydroelectric dams near the property in Panama and associated effects (greater human presence near the property, interruption of aquatic species migratory corridor);
b) Encroachment (settlements, cattle ranching).,The State Party of Panama report was received by the World Heritage Centre on 20 February 2008. It consisted of a response ...
11352.
Côte d'Ivoire,Guinea,a) Mining;
b) Influx of refugees;
c) Agricultural encroachment;
d) Deforestation;
e) Poaching;
f) Weak management capactiy;
g) Lack of resources;
h) Lack of boundary cooperation.,Reports were received from the State Parties of Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea State on 23 January 2007 and 3 February 2007, respectively. The joint UNESCO/IUCN ...
11353.
Viet Nam,a) Population growth;
b) Increased tourism pressure and development;
c) Urban and industrial development;
d) Lack of financial and technical resources;
e) Absence of an integrated planning approach.,On 30 November 2006, the State Party submitted a report on the actual and potential impacts of the Cam Pha cement plant project and Cai Lan port project on the ...
11354.
Türkiye,
Continued degradation of the vernacular architecture within the protected zones (particularly Ottoman-period timber houses in the Zeyrek and Süleymaniye core areas)
Quality of repairs and reconstruction of the Roman and Byzantine Walls and associated palace structures, including Tekfur Saray and the "Anemas Dungeon" (Blachernae Palace)
Development
Absence of a ...
11355.
Nepal,
Earthquake (Severe earthquake of 25 April 2015)
Housing (Uncontrolled urban development resulting in the loss of traditional urban fabric, in particular privately-owned houses)
Management systems/management plan (Lack of a coordinated management mechanism)
Ground transport infrastructure (Construction of a forest road)
Underground transport infrastructure (Project ...
11356.
Viet Nam,
Management systems / management plan (Need to revise the management and zoning plans, including tourism planning and consideration of the adequacy of permissible activities and developments; Lack of an appropriate buffer zone)
Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation (Developments and urbanization stemming from tourism and recreation; Localized, seasonal ...
11357.
Albania,North Macedonia,
Management systems/ management plan
Buildings and development
Ground transport infrastructure
Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure (proposed Galičica Ski Centre)
Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation
,On 29 November 2018, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, for which amendments were transmitted on 30 ...
11358.
Lao People's Democratic Republic,
Lack of enforcement of the Luang Prabang Conservation Plan (PSMV) and illegal constructions
Public works (proposed new town, airport extension, pedestrian bridge) which may affect the Outstanding Universal Value
,In 2014, the Committee observed that its main concerns were being addressed and encouraged the State Party to apply the Luang ...
11359.
Senegal,
Lack of a site manager (Issue resolved)
Lack of monitoring and control mechanism
Lack of a conservation and management plan (existence of a Safeguarding and Enhancement Plan serving as a Conservation and Management Plan)
New constructions, architectural modifications and urban projects affecting authenticity and integrity
Inappropriate housing ...
11360.
France,
Project of new buildings within the historic setting (issue resolved)
Fire at the Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris on 15 April 2019
,On 26 January 2024, in response to Decision 45 COM 7B.53 of the World Heritage Committee, the State Party submitted a State of conservation report, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600/documents/. The report focuses ...
11361.
The Oglakhty Range is located on the left bank of the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk Reservoir) and represents a system of low-lying ranges with a great number of Devonian red sandstone rock exposures providing a picturesque landscape on the one hand, and its human use throughout thousands years on the other hand. Thousands of rock paintings related to different historic ...
11362.
Ancient Termiz includes Qoratepa, Fayaztepa, Zurmala Mortar, Qirq-Qiz, Khakim at-Termiziy, Sultan-Saodat, Kokildor Khonaqo, Djarqurgan Minaret, Kampirtepa. Old Termiz is located in 5 km to the northwest from Termiz, on the right branch of Amudarya River. A total area is 500 hectares consists of four parts, a citadel - Qala, two shakhristans (city) and rabad - the suburb, ...
11363.
39th session of the World Heritage Committee Bonn, Germany 39COM 28 June - 08 July 2015
Committee Members
Algeria, Colombia, Croatia, Finland, Germany, India, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Senegal, Serbia, Türkiye, Viet Nam
Bureau Members
Chairperson:
...
11364.
Matheran Light Railway: N18 59 20,27 - N19 01 41, 35 and E73 16 16,7 – E73 19 38.7
Kangra Valley Railway: N30 58 18 - N31 22 50 and E77 07 25 - E77 43 20
The two components of Matheran Light Railway and Kangra Valley Railway are proposed as extension to the inscribed series, the ‘Mountain Railways of India’ that has three components namely the Darjeeling ...
11365.
Belize,a) Sale and lease of public lands within the property,
b) Destruction of fragile ecosystems due to resort / housing development,
c) Introduced species.,The State Party report on the state of conservation of the property was received by the World Heritage Centre on 12 February 2010. This report includes an introductory statement questioning the March 2009 World ...
11366.
United Republic of Tanzania,a) Increased human pastoral population;
b) Immigration; Poaching;
c) Spread of invasive species;
d) Tourism pressure;
e) Encroachment and cultivation,On 8 January 2007, the World Heritage Centre received a report from the State Party on the state of conservation of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. The State Party reported on progress in ...
11367.
The Northern Mountain Forest Complex (NMFC) consists of Hkakabo Razi National Park (NP) and Hponkan Razi Wildlife Sanctuary (WS), along with a proposed Southern Extension of Hkakabo Razi NP. Hponkan Razi WS, Hkakabo Razi NP, and the proposed Southern Extension form a contiguous property of more than 11,280 km2. Elevation ranges from 50 m at the southern end of Hponkan ...
11368.
The Central Karakoram in the Gilgit-Balitstan region of Pakistan is an extreme mountain area between Skardu and Gilgit. It was declared as the Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) in 1993 and today it is the largest protected area in Pakistan, covering over 10,557.73 km2 in the Central Karakorum mountain range. The area is part of the Asian high-mountain system of ...
11369.
This large national park, composed of 720,000 hectares in the middle of the Alto Chaco, guarantees the conservation of the area’s natural processes and the protection of its important biodiversity. It is one of the first protected areas in Paraguay, created in 1975 with the purpose of conserving representative and unique samples of the Chaco in general. It protects ...
11370.
Ukraine,
Urban development pressure;
High-rise buildings that could compromise the panorama of the historical monastic Dnieper river landscape;
Lack of legal protection and planning mechanisms;
Lack of management system and mechanisms of coordination between all stakeholders including the City Municipality.
,On 30 January 2014, the State Party submitted a state of ...
11371.
Egypt,
Rise in the water table
Impact on structures due to earth trembling and other forms of damage likely to result from the use of heavy earth-moving equipment (works completed)
Lack of conservation plan, defining short-, medium-, and long-term objectives and establishing technical parameters (materials, techniques, etc.)
Need for a management plan, to include research, ...
11372.
Chile,
Extremely fragile nature of the industrial buildings that were constructed using local materials such as timber for frames, corrugated iron sheets for roofs and some walls, in addition to stucco and lightweight construction
Lack of maintenance over the past 40 years as well as vandalism at the property
Corrosion of metal cladding and dismantlement of some of the ...
11373.
Peru,
Fires in 1998 and 2001 (issue resolved)
Formalization of the procedures to set up a Management Coordination Unit to implement the Strategic Plan
Revision of the Master and Strategic Plans
New development projects within the Historic Centre including urban transportation systems (Corredor Segregado) and interventions in historical buildings
Development of the cable ...
11374.
Mongolia,
Management systems/Management Plan (Need to define the protection offered by the buffer zone; Lack of an overall management structure with resources)
Legal Framework (Lack of legal protection for the property that covers cultural as well as natural attributes) (issue resolved)
Mining (Mining or extractive industry) (issue resolved)
,On 30 November 2020, the State ...
11375.
Madagascar,
Encroachment
Fire
Hunting and poaching of endangered species, including lemurs
Artisanal mining
Illegal logging of precious wood species (ebony and rosewood)
Weak governance and law enforcement to prevent the illegal logging end export of precious wood species
Need to strengthen the engagement of and benefit-sharing with local communities
,The State Party has ...
11376.
Teatro Amazonas: S3 7 49.01 W60 1 24.23Teatro da Paz: S1 45 28.32 W48 49 38.18
Built in the late nineteenth century, both Teatro Amazonas (Amazon Theater) and Teatro da Paz (Peace Theater) are located in the Brazilian Amazon in the cities of Manaus and Belém, respectively. These theaters are significant monuments located in the two largest urban centers of the region, ...
11377.
N°
Nom de l’élément
Département Arrondissement
Coordonnées GPS
Surface indicative du bien
01
Grande Case de Bafut
Mezam/Bafut
N 06°05'360' E 10°06.800'
300m2
02
Grande Case de Nso
Mbui/ Kumbo
N 06° 11’ 94.3’’ E 010° 41’ 18.9’’
300m2
03
Grande Case de Mankon
Mezam / Bamenda II
N 06° 0’9.52’’ E 010° 6’ 15.69’’
300m2
04
Grande ...
11378.
The Lonjsko Polje Nature Park is situated in the alluvial plain of the Sava River in the central Sava River basin region, between the cities of Sisak and Stara Gradiška and represents a unique landscape and ecological systems of flooded river plain of the Danubian basin. The Sava River begins to meander in this area creating typical wet areas that greatly determine its ...
11379.
Velebit is the largest mountain in Croatia and is a part of a bigger mountain chain of Dinarides stretching form the Alps, across Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to Albania. The area of Velebit Mountain comprises 2.359 square kilometres. The mountain stretches in the form of slightly bended arch along the Adriatic coast in the northwest-southeast direction, ...
11380.
IntroductionWhen visitors from Bohemia and all of Europe call a part of this Earth "Paradise", they must certainly have a good reason. The name "ttesky rij" (Czech Paradise) has become a symbol for the delight felt by the intellectual and social elite in the second half of the 19th century over the beauties of nature in this country. The name was soon ...
11381.
The historic centre of Prague was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1992 as itern no. 616 and officially included the area which corresponds to the boundaries of the historic quarters of Prague at the end of the 18th century.Within the buffer zone of the historic centre one can find several properties which are themselves cultural monuments of exceptional quality and ...
11382.
The Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran which consists of three monastic ensembles of the Armenian Christian faith: St Thaddeus and St Stepanos and the Chapel of Dzordzor were registered in the World Heritage List on 2008, are examples of outstanding universal value of the Armenian architectural and decorative traditions. They bear testimony to very important interchanges ...
11383.
The Via Francigena in Italy is the first and most important road that, in the Middle Ages, connected the countries beyond the western Alps (the land of the Franks) to Rome: the main destination – along with Jerusalem and Santiago di Compostela – for pilgrims who, at the time, travelled from all over Europe.
Dating back to the Longobard era, this road was not built from a ...
11384.
The coastal forests of eastern Africa are ranked among the 35 identified world’s biodiversity hotspots due to the concentration of many endemic species and habitat loss. They originally extended from southern Somalia to northern Mozambique, an area roughly corresponding to the Swahilian regional centre of endemism that hosts a large number of unique plant species and ...
11385.
Balkans had always been attached strategic importance due to its position as outpost area and served as technologic, information and communicational bridge between Europe and the Ottoman Empire. The road alignments connecting Anatolia to the Balkans and Central Europe have always been of particular importance due to the strategic emphasis on Balkans.
Uzunköprü (Long ...
11386.
The name "makhalla" (community), derives from the word "mahal", meaning "place" and "time, moment". This duality has always been characteristic of the makhalla. A makhalla is not only a territorial and administrative unit, a community of people living in a certain territory in a city or district, but also a way of life, a type of thinking and a centuries-old ...
11387.
Cat Tien National Park is estimated as the reserve of natural resources in Vietnam with lots of rare, specious and endemic genes of fauna and flora, as plentiful site for scientists, domestic and foreign tourists.
The natural area of Cat Tien National Park is 71.920ha wide including the South of Cat Tien (Dong Nai province) 39.627ha; Cat Loc (Lam Dong province) 27.850ha; ...
11388.
Côte d'Ivoire,a) Poaching;
b) Agricultural encroachment;
c) Artisanal gold mining.,On 14 February 2012, the State Party submitted its report on the state of conservation of the property. The State Party also submitted an evaluation report dated May 2011 on the services of the Ivorian Office of Parks and Reserves (OIPR) following the events of the post-electoral crisis. ...
11389.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,a) Armed conflict, lack of security and political instability;
b) Poaching by the army and armed groups;
c) Conflicts with local communities concerning Park boundaries;
d) Impact of villages located within the property. ,On 24 March 2011, the State Party submitted a concise report on the state of conservation of the property, providing ...
11390.
Kenya,,In March 2011, the World Heritage Centre and IUCN received information on a major hydro-electric dam project (GIBE III) on the Omo River in Ethiopia that is likely to affect both Lake Turkana, situated downstream in neighbouring Kenya, and the cultural landscape of the Lower Omo Valley in Ethiopia. This information included a letter of concern from International ...
11391.
Indonesia,a) Mining;
b) Security limitations;
c) Development threats;
d) Exploitation of marine resources;
e) Absence of a co-ordinating agency;
f) Absence of a finalized strategic management plan;
g) Park boundaries not physically demarcated;
h) Inadequate financing. ,From 24 January to 3 February 2011, a joint World Heritage Centre/IUCN reactive monitoring mission ...
11392.
France,The following potential threats were identified by IUCN at the time of inscription of the property.
a) Mining
b) Fishing and aquaculture
c) Tourism
d) Climate change,From 20 February to 3 March 2011, an IUCN monitoring mission visited the property, as requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 32nd session (Quebec City, 2008). The mission was requested to ...
11393.
Russian Federation,a) Lack of management plan ;
b) Weakening of conservation controls and laws;
c) Impacts of proposed tourism infrastructure development for Olympic Games;
d) Road construction;
e) Deforestation. ,On 3 February 2011, a report on the state of conservation of the property was submitted by the State Party. The report provides information on progress in ...
11394.
Russian Federation,a) Changes to the boundaries of Yugyd Va National Park
b) Proposed gold mining,On January 31 2011, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property. A joint World Heritage Centre/IUCN reactive monitoring mission visited the Virgin Komi Forests, from 3-11 October 2010, as requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 34th ...
11395.
Panama,Continued and growing presence of cattle,On 15 February 2011 the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property. This report provides an overview of progress made in finalizing and implementing a management plan for the Special Zone of Marine Protection, establishing a formal policy on the development and conservation of the coastal zone ...
11396.
Bulgaria,a) Developments in the Bansko ski zone
b) Lack of effective management mechanisms
c) Boundary issues
d) Illegal logging,On 21 January 2010 the World Heritage Centre received a report on the state of conservation of the property by the State Party. The last decision of the World Heritage Committee (33 COM 7B.21) and several previous reports and Committee decisions ...
11397.
Panama,a) Deterioration and destruction of the fabric of the property by environmental factors, lack of a maintenance programme, as well as polluted water;
b) Erosion;
c) Absence of management policies included in management plans;
d) Uncontrolled urban development;
e) Tourism pressures (in particular at Portobelo).,The State Party provided a report on the state of ...
11398.
Philippines,a) Over-exploitation of marine resources;
b) Illegal and destructive fishing;
c) Oil exploration,This state of conservation report was requested by the World Heritage Committee at its 31st session (Christchurch, 2007) in relation to the above threats. The concerns of the World Heritage Committee related in particular to the management and protection of the ...
11399.
Viet Nam,a) Population growth;
b) Increased tourism pressure and development;
c) Urban and industrial development;
d) Lack of financial and technical resources;
e) Absence of an integrated planning approach.,This report has been prepared in response to the issues raised by the World Heritage Committee in its Decision 31COM 7B.23. The World Heritage Committee requested the ...
11400.
Latvia,a) High-rise building projects located in the buffer zone threating the visual integrity of the property
b) Regulations for building permissions and guidelines for new construction projects within Riga and its buffer zone,At its 32nd session (Quebec City, 2008), the World Heritage Committee expressed its appreciation to the State Party for the general success of its ...
11401.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,a) Construction proposals in the immediate vicinity of the Tower of London and Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church World Heritage properties that could harm the setting, related vistas and integrity of the World Heritage properties;
b) Lack of an in-depth visual impact study on possible ...
11402.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,a) Armed conflict, insecurity and political instability;
b) Poaching by military and armed groups;
c) Encroachment in particular in the corridor between high- and lowland;
d) Illegal mining and deforestation.,On 12 February 2007, a succinct report of the state of conservation of the five DRC World Heritage properties was submitted by the ...
11403.
Côte d'Ivoire,Guinea,a) Mining;
b) Influx of refugees;
c) Agricultural encroachment;
d) Deforestation;
e) Poaching;
f) Weak management capacity;
g) Lack of resources;
h) Lack of transboundary cooperation.,Reports on the state of conservation of the property were received from both States Parties on the 21 March 2006.
On the side of Côte d’Ivoire, the property ...
11404.
Ecuador,
Development pressures which impact the authenticity of the site;
Weaknesses in the decision-making process regarding conservation;
Works in the Tower of the Complex of the Society of Jesus
,On 31 January 2013, a report on the state of conservation of the property was submitted by the State Party. The report includes comprehensive information about the current ...
11405.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Presence of armed groups, lack of security and political instability rendering a large part of the property inaccessible to the guards
Attribution of mining permits inside the property
Poaching by armed military groups
Villages in the ecological corridor between the highland and lowland sectors of the park
Illegal mining and ...
11406.
Russian Federation,
Lack of adequate management system
Uncertain legal protection
Pollution
Illegal timber harvesting
Gas and oil pipeline project across the world heritage property (issue resolved)
Illegal construction on the lake shore
Illegal sale of land
Tourism development
Lack of mechanism to control waste water discharge
,On 2 February 2016 the State Party submitted ...
11407.
Uzbekistan,
Management systems/management plan (Lack of a comprehensive conservation and management plan)
Management activities
Housing; Commercial development (Major interventions carried out, including demolition and re-building activities)
Legal framework (Need to reinforce the national legal framework)
Human resources (inadequate)
Financial resources (inadequate)
,On ...
11408.
Hungary,
Demolition and inappropriate development in the buffer zone known as the ‘Jewish Quarter’
Inappropriate use of public areas and street amenities
Lack of conservation of residential housing in the area inscribed as World Heritage
Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure (increased traffic volume)
,On 27th February 2019, the State Party submitted a ...
11409.
Côte d'Ivoire,Guinea,
Mining
Influx of refugees
Agricultural encroachment
Deforestation
Poaching
Weak management capacity
Lack of resources
Unsatisfactory transboundary cooperation
Road construction
,On 1 February 2020, the States Parties of Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea submitted a joint report on the state of conservation of the property and on 30 January 2021 they submitted ...
11410.
Germany,
Lack of a Master Plan for the sustainable development of the property (issue resolved)
Potential impacts of the Rhine crossing project
Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure (traffic increase)
Impacts of tourism/visitor/recreation
Input of excess energy (noise pollution)
Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure
Renewable energy ...
11411.
Botswana,
Transboundary management of water resources
Lack of wildlife monitoring programme
Animal sanitation and diseases
Mining exploration licenses overlapping with the buffer zone
Management and governance
Engagement of local communities and indigenous peoples
Alien invasive species
,On 19 March 2022, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, available ...
11412.
Tunisia,
absence of a safeguarding and valorisation plan (PSMV) and coordination
absence of a consultation framework concerning interventions
urban pressure and densification
social and economic factors
visual impact on the integrity of the property
loss of traditional knowledge
alteration of building elements and materials
,On 29 November 2022, the State Party submitted a ...
11413.
Ethiopia,
Road construction through the property
Power transmission line affecting exceptional natural beauty and conditions of integrity
Identity, social cohesion, changes in local population and community
Agricultural encroachment at the borders of the property and crop cultivation in the property
Growing resource-dependent, economically poor population around the ...
11414.
Nepal,
Air pollution
Illegal activities (Poaching)
Impacts of tourism / visitor / recreation (Rapid increase and commercialization of mountaineering tourism, including resort and trail development);
Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure (noise pollution and visual impacts from helicopter use)
Livestock farming / grazing of domesticated animals
Major ...
11415.
Montenegro,
Water infrastructure (Proposed dam development on the Tara River)
Illegal logging and hunting (issue resolved)
Tourism infrastructure (Ski development in the Zabljak area)
Boundary issues
,On 28 December 2022, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property, available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/100/documents, providing the ...
11416.
Morocco,
Progressive deterioration of the built area ;
Lack of a rehabilitation policy for the Mellah Quarter (deposit of untreated refuse, overflow of sewers along the outside walls of the houses, continuous collapse of buildings);
Major deterioration of the maritime part of the fortifications of the Medina ;
Construction of two commercial centres in the buffer ...
11417.
United Republic of Tanzania,
Management system/management plan
Major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure
Development and environmental pressures, particularly in relation with Malindi port project (issue resolved)
Natural disasters and lack of risk-preparedness
Visitors/tourist pressures
Housing pressure
Lack of human and financial resources
Lack of legal ...
11418.
,The 10th Anniversary of the 2011 UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL Recommendation) serves as a catalyst for greater adoptions of the HUL approach.
Serving as a platform to share lessons learned from COVID-19 and to resume discussions on the future of urban management, topics such as public space, renovations, tourism, infrastructure and ...
11419.
Georgia,a) General need for interior and exterior conservation work on the monuments;
b) Major reconstruction of the structure of Bagrati Cathedral;
c) Insufficient coordination between the Georgian Church and the national authorities (issue resolved);
d) Lack of co-ordinated management system (issue resolved).,At its 36th session (Saint-Petersburg, 2012), the World ...
11420.
Via Appia is the first and most important of the great roads built by the Ancient Romans and is, therefore, also known as "regina viarum". It was built towards the end of the IV century BC, in 312, to ensure swift and direct communication between Rome and Capua. According to the Roman historian Livy, it was built by the censor Appius Claudius Caecus and named ...
11421.
Long de 6 671 km, le fleuve Nil traverse 6 pays africains: le Burundi, le Rwanda, l'Ouganda, la Tanzanie, le Soudan et l'Egypte. C'est le plus long fleuve d'Afrique. Sa source est restée longtemps inconnue. Du point de vue de l'histoire, Ptolémée, géographe grec du 2ème siècle, pensait que cette source se trouvait dans de grandes montagnes neigeuses ...
11422.
Tbilisi is a grand sample of Georgian urban heritage, in which an interesting process of adoption of foreign influences penetrating in the course of the centuries, their creative transformation and adaptation to the traditional Georgian dwelling and its planning structure is still alive. Major factor determining a character of the original national culture - geo-political ...
11423.
The Garo Hills Conservation Area (GHCA) lies in Biogeographic Zone 9B (Northeastern India) (Rodgers and Panwar 19881) and is also the western most limit of the Indo Malayan Biodiversity Hotspots. The GHCA occurs between 89°49'-91°2' East Longitude and 25°9'- 26°1' North Latitude. Garo hills is bounded on the North by the Goalpara district of Assam, on the South it shares ...
11424.
The ecoregion of "Los Petenes-Ría Celestún" forms a coastal corridor of wetlands in excellent state of preservation. This system forms a unique biogeographical area in Mexico, of great ecological value for its large faunistic and floristic diversity.
This region is a mosaic of mudflats, known locally as blanquizales, mixed with mangroves, cattails, reeds, low ...
11425.
Harput is located to the south of the Upper Euphrates Division of Eastern Anatolia Region. The "Harput Plateau" is located on the southern edge of the high mass. 1280 m from the sea. at 48° 43' north latitude and 39° 15' east latitude. According to excavations and researches made in and around Harput, the first settlement goes down to Paleolithic Age. Karasu, Arabkir creek ...
11426.
The property located in the city centre of Kırşehir is about 400 meters away from Cacabey Madrasa and 200 meters away from Kale Höyük (Kale Mound) which is the historical centre of the city for 5000 years.
Ahi Evran, regarded as the sage of tanners and leader of 32 craft and trade types, is a Turkish philosopher who founded “Ahi-order”. He was born in ...
11427.
Saint Lucia,Development pressures associated with tourism and housing,On 12 February 2012 the State Party submitted a brief report on the state of conservation of the property.
a) Development pressures associated with tourism and housing
The State Party reports that it has approved development applications within the property. The World Heritage Centre requested further ...
11428.
Dominican Republic,a) Undefined and unregulated buffer zone leading to urban development pressure and inadequate control of land use;
b) Pressures derived from tourism;
c) Inadequate and inefficient management and conservation arrangements (including legislation, regulatory measures, technical capacity for conservation and service infrastructure);
d) Lack interpretation ...
11429.
Russian Federation,
Gradual changes to the urban fabric: construction and restoration projects;
Inappropriate urban development;
Major changes to the property’s skyline through the construction of the new Cathedral of the Assumption;
High rise projects;
Management system.
,The State Party has not submitted a state of conservation report. The ICOMOS reactive ...
11430.
Côte d'Ivoire,
Conflict and political instability;
Lack of management control and access;
Poaching;
Encroachment: human occupation and agricultural pressure;
Bush fires.
,On 26 January 2014, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report on the property, available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/227/documents. The State Party reported on the following:
Steps ...
11431.
Ukraine,
Urban development pressure
High-rise buildings that could compromise the panorama of the historical monastic Dnieper river landscape (built)
Lack of legal protection and planning mechanisms
Lack of management system and mechanisms of coordination between all stakeholders including the City Municipality
,On 31 January 2015, the State Party submitted a detailed ...
11432.
Georgia,
General need for interior and exterior conservation work on the monuments
Major reconstruction of the structure of Bagrati Cathedral (completed)
Insufficient coordination between the Georgian Church and the national authorities (issue resolved)
Lack of co-ordinated management system (issue resolved)
,On 1 February 2016, the State Party submitted a state of ...
11433.
Japan,Threat identified at the time of inscription of the property:
Lack of a fully functional management system
,On 27 January 2016, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, which is available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1418/documents. The report addresses the Committee’s specific requests at the time of inscription (Decision 37 COM 8B.29) as ...
11434.
Yemen,
Floods (issue previously reported as being resolved)
Poor maintenance (issue previously reported as being resolved)
Damage to historic buildings
Reduction in support and resources arising from political and socio-economic disturbances
Armed conflict situation since 2015
Threats from rain and floods
,On 20 March 2017, the State Party submitted a state of ...
11435.
Russian Federation,
Structural integrity issues at the Church of the Transfiguration
Lack of an integrated management plan addressing the overall management of the World Heritage property
Tourism development pressures including development of infrastructures
,On 13 December 2017, the State Party submitted a detailed state of conservation report, which is available at ...
11436.
Yemen,
Modern constructions and uncontrolled expansion of commercial activities (issue resolved)
Lack of a Safeguarding Plan (issue resolved)
Fly-over bridge project (issue resolved)
Uncontrolled vertical and horizontal additions
Management activities (Use of inappropriate building materials and techniques)
Densification of the historic fabric through occupation of green ...
11437.
Yemen,
Floods (issue previously reported as being resolved)
Poor maintenance (issue previously reported as being resolved)
Damage to historic buildings
Reduction in support and resources arising from political and socio-economic disturbances
Armed conflict situation since 2015
Threats from rain and floods
,Local sources provided a report on the property’s state of ...
11438.
State of Palestine,Absence of Statement of Outstanding Universal Value at the time of inscription,In January 2019, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property, available at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1565/documents/. Progress in addressing a number of conservation issues identified by the Committee at its previous sessions is ...
11439.
Belize,
Housing and major visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure (Destruction of fragile ecosystems due to resort / housing development) (issue resolved)
Integrated management
Invasive / alien marine species (Introduced species)
Land conversion (Sale and lease of public lands within the property)
Oil and gas (Oil concessions within the marine area)
,On 27 ...
11440.
Russian Federation,
Structural integrity issues at the Church of the Transfiguration
Lack of an integrated management plan addressing the overall management of the World Heritage property
Tourism development pressures including development of infrastructures
,On 21 January 2019, the State Party submitted a state of conservation report, a summary of which is available at ...
11441.
France,
Project of new buildings within the historic setting (issue resolved)
Fire at the Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris on 15 April 2019
,On 29 November 2019, in response to World Heritage Committee decision 43 COM 7B.82, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, available at ...
11442.
Bahrain,
Ground transport infrastructure (issue resolved)
Housing
Physical and visual integrity of the property threatened by a segment of the “N Road” project, a highway planned on the northern coast of the country whose route is expected to cross the western part of the buffer zone, at a fifty meters distance from the boundaries of the property
Physical and visual ...
11443.
France,
Project of new buildings within the historic setting (issue resolved)
Fire at the Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris on 15 April 2019
,On 1 February 2022, in response to Decision 44 COM 7B.46 of the World Heritage Committee, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral, available at ...
11444.
Housing in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta is located in the northern part of the country, on the coast of the Caribbean Sea, between the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Magdalena river. It was declared a Ramsar Site, as it is one of the ecosystems with main ecological significance in the country. It is made up by a group of marshes and ...
11445.
Russian Federation,a) Lack of adequate management regime;
b) Uncertain legal protection;
c) Pollution;
d) Illegal timber harvesting;
e) Gas and oil pipeline project across the World Heritage property (issue solved);
f) Illegal construction on the Lake shore;
g) Illegal sale of land;
h) Tourism development. ,As requested by the Committee at its 34th session, a joint ...
11446.
Belarus,Poland,
Forestry/wood production (logging in the partially protected zones and removal of deadwood)
Alterations of the hydrological regime
Border fence impeding mammal movements
Ambiguity regarding the boundaries of the property (issue resolved)
Management systems/management plan (Need for a new Management Plan for Białowieża National Park (Poland) (issue ...
11447.
World Heritage Fund
The Fund for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage of Outstanding Universal Value, called "the World Heritage Fund", was established in 1977 under Article 15 of the World Heritage Convention.
The World Heritage Committee makes decisions on the amount of the budget of the World Heritage Fund as well as on its use. The World Heritage ...
11448.
Indonesia,a) Agricultural encroachment;
b) Illegal logging;
c) Poaching;
d) Road construction;
e) Institutional and governance weaknesses.,On 1 February 2010 the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (TRHS), a serial property comprised of Kerinci Seblat National Park (KSNP), Gunung Leuser National Park ...
11449.
Jews began to settle in Sarajevo in the early 16th century, at a time when the city was beginning to experience a rapid development (Zlatar, p. 57). The earliest documentary source referring to their presence is a document in the sijill of the Sarajevo court dating from 1557. Another surviving Sarajevo sijill dating from the 16th century, more precisely from 1565, refers ...
11450.
The Yangtze Gorges is one of the first key national scenic spots (in 1982). They start at Baidicheng in Fengjie County, Chongqing and end at Nanjin Pass in Yichang, Hubei Province. The gorges themselves are 193km long and cover an area of 1208km2, including Wuxia gorge, Qutang gorge, Xiling gorge and some wide valleys between these gorges. Qutang Gorge is 8km long and is ...
11451.
I. The channel of the Diocletian Aqueduct that brought the water to the palace had a cross section of 0.75 m x 1.60 m, and made us of a free fall from the 33 m high Jadro Spring, by Solin, over the 9 km long path to the Palace. Some 1500 litres of water a second (or 129,600 cubic metres a day) flowed through the aqueduct, which according to today’s standards would serve a ...
11452.
· Egypt, the gift of the Nile
Egypt would not exist without the river and its periodical flooding which regulated life, work in the fields, religious and civil feastdays.
The banks flooded by the river when it was in spate were transformed into arable lands. Before the great modern dams were built, the average width of these banks varied between 100 m in Sudanese ...
11453.
Historically, developments in Delhi took place in a triangular patch of land with River Yamuna on one side and the northern range of Aravalli hills on the other two sides. The wider regional importance of Delhi strategically stems from its location on an important trade route, the Uttarapatha that ran along the Gangetic plain and linked up to the Silk Route.
Archaeological ...
11454.
Le centre historique de Tétouan est un ensemble urbain exceptionnel situé à 40 km au sud–est du détroit de Gibraltar, entre deux montagnes, sur la rive gauche du fleuve « OUED MARTIL » qui débouche sur la Méditerranée à 10km à l’Est et dont l’embouchure abritait jadis l’ancien port de Tétouan. Le centre historique de Tétouan occupe donc une position stratégique ayant ...
11455.
Nasca Aqueducts are located in the province of Nasca, department of Ica, in the basin of Rio Grande, characterized by being a hydrographic system that only starts based on the rainfall that occurs in the mountains of the upper part of the basin, in the foothills of the central Andes, which give rise to intermittent water courses, which usually last only between three and ...
11456.
The Cíes Islands–Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage candidate, comprises an exceptional area of land and sea formed by four archipelagos (Cíes, Ons, Sálvora and Cortegada) which are located on the Atlantic coast of the NW of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Spain). This area is made up mainly of marine waters, a significant fraction of which ...
11457.
The Haci Bayram district is located at the north-western part of the Citadel within the boundaries of the district of Ulus, Ankara.The area, taking Hacı Bayram Mosque and Augustus Temple as the focal point, has a traditional historic fabric which also contains Ottoman and Early Republican Period buildings, as well as later-period ones. The district is located on a hill ...
11458.
The city of Gaziantep is located on the edge of the Alleben Stream and the settlement history of the city dates to end of the 5th century. The stream flows by winding the settlement area in C shape. However, Alleben Stream is low in water and the water level is further reduced by increasing summer temperature. The Gaziantep Plateau also has a small number of streams. ...
11459.
Bulgaria,a) Developments in the Bansko ski zone,
b) Lack of effective management mechanisms,
c) Boundary issues,
d) Illegal logging. ,On 31 January 2012, a report on the state of conservation of the property was submitted by the State Party. The report provides a response to Decision 35 COM 7B.21, adopted by the World Heritage Committee at its 35thsession.
From ...
11460.
Madagascar,a) Encroachment;
b) Fire;
c) Hunting and poaching;
d) Artisanal mining;
e) Illegal logging;,On 12 February 2011, a report on the state of conservation of the property was submitted by the State Party. This report contains information on the status of illegal logging of rosewood (Dalbergia) and ebony (Diospyros) species in Masoala and Marojejy National Parks, two ...
11461.
Niger,a) Political instability and civil strife;
b) Poverty;
c) Management constraints;
d) Ostrich poaching;
e) Soil erosion;
f) Demographic pressure;
g) Livestock pressure;
h) Pressure on forestry resources.,On 1 February 2011, the State Party submitted a report on the state of conservation of the property. The report highlights recent progress made towards the ...
11462.
Russian Federation,a) Gradual changes to the urban fabric: construction and restoration projects
b) Inappropriate urban development
c) Major changes to the property’s skyline through the construction of the new Cathedral of the Assumption
d) High rise projects,The State Party submitted a 2009/2010 state of conservation report which provides information on thirteen ...
11463.
Australia,Invasive Species,On 28 January 2010, a report detailing the state of conservation of Macquarie Island was submitted by the State Party. The report provides an overview of the implementation of the pest eradication plan, of rabbit numbers on the island, of pre and post eradication monitoring plans, of the impacts on seabirds of long-line fishing trials and of the ...
11464.
Mali,a) Inappropriate design and scale of new Ahmed Baba Cultural Centre in the vicinity of the Sankoré Mosque; lack of detailed drawings supplied to the Committee
b) Approaches to the restoration of the Djingareyber Mosque;
c) Urban development pressure;
d) Flooding and rubbish disposal;
e) Lack of building regulations and land use plan;
f) Lack of adequate ...
11465.
Central African Republic,a) Insecurity;
b) Poaching;
c) Mining;
d) Transhumance and illegal grazing;
e) Illegal fishing;
f) Lack of resources.,Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park was inscribed in 1988 for its diversity of habitats, including a Sudano-Guinean woodland savanna and flood plains, as well as for its biodiversity, especially its wealth of large wildlife. At ...
11466.
Niger,a) Political instability and civil strife;
b) Poverty;
c) Management constraints;
d) Ostrich poaching;
e) Soil erosion;
f) Demographic pressure;
g) Livestock pressure;
h) Pressure on wood resources.,The political instability and civil conflict, as a result of the Touareg uprising in the early nineties, has prevented effective management presence and facilitated ...
11467.
Oman,a) Poaching
b) Gas and oil exploration
c) Overgrazing by domestic stock
d) Boundary marking, management planning and management regime,As requested by the Committee at its 30th session (Vilnius, 2006) a joint World Heritage Centre/IUCN monitoring mission visited the property from 21 to 25 January 2007, including a 2 day field visit. The full mission ...
11468.
Democratic Republic of the Congo,a) Armed conflict and political instability;
b) Poaching by military and armed groups;
c) Encroachment;
d) Illegal mining and deforestation.,On 30 January 2006, an updated report on the state of conservation of the five DRC World Heritage properties was submitted by the State Party, including information on the Kahuzi-Biega National Park. ...
11469.
Yemen,
Legal frameworks, governance and management systems
Ground transport infrastructure: road network
Livestock grazing: sheep, goat and cattle
Invasive species
Fishing and collection of marine resources
Solid waste: primarily in and around main settlements
,On 16 May 2018, the State Party confirmed to the World Heritage Centre, that an earlier letter from the ...
11470.
Indonesia,
Management systems/management plan
Ground transport infrastructure (Road construction)
Land conversion (Agricultural encroachment)
Illegal activities (Illegal logging; Poaching)
Governance (Institutional and governance weaknesses)
Renewable energy facilities (Geothermal development license adjacent to the property)
,On 31 January 2022, the State Party submitted ...
11471.
Canada,
Road construction (issue resolved)
Renewable energy facilities (existing and planned hydroelectric dams, including Site C and Amisk)
Oil and gas (Alberta oil sands mining)
Climate change
Lack of adequate and comprehensive environmental monitoring
Governance (lack of effective engagement with First Nations and Métis in monitoring activities and insufficient ...
11472.
Bulgaria,
Lack of a Management Plan
Urban development pressure
Lack of an urban master plan and of a conservation master plan of monuments and archaeological sites
Illegal constructions
Housing
Impacts of tourism/visitor/recreation
Management Systems/Management plan
Marine transport infrastructure
,On 30 November 2022, the State Party submitted a state of conservation ...
11473.
Austria,
Housing: High-rise construction projects in Central Vienna (proposed Vienna Ice-Skating Club – Intercontinental Hotel – Vienna Konzerthaus ‘Heumarkt Neu’ project)
Proposed new developments, including the Wien Museum and the Winterthur Building
Legal framework: Lack of effectiveness of the overall protection and governance of the property (issue partially ...