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Viðmýri Turf Church

	Islande (Europe et Amérique du nord)
Date de soumission :	18/12/2001
Critères:	(iii)(iv)
Catégorie :	Culturel
Soumis par :	Menntamalaraduneytid. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture
Coordonnées	Seyluhreppur, Skagafjarðarsýla
Ref.:	1606

Description

Viðmýri turf church in Skagafj6r6ur, in northern Iceland, is one of the few turf churches preserved in Iceland. it is probably the finest and stylistically purest of the five turf churches which the National Museum of Iceland owns or supervises. In the early Middle Ages, some of the most prominent families in Iceland lived and farmed at Viðmýri. There has certainly been a church at Viðmýri since the middle of the 12th century. In the Catholic period, the church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary and St. Peter. The present church at Viðmýri was built in 1834. Written sources allow the precise reconstruction of the three church edifices which, since 1661, have preceded the present church at Viðmýri. Broadly speaking, these greatly resembled the latest church. The history of the present church is known down to the merest of repairs. Very little of the timber in the church has been replaced. The church is built of wood, stone and turf. The internal walls of the church itself are of wood and are 9.71 m long, 3.91m wide and 4.28m-high. They have a protective outer side wall of stone and turf. The roof is turf-covered. The 2m-thick turf walls are constructed of layers of turf mats (strengur). The gable wall, west wall and choir wall are of wood. The choir is three quarters the size of the chancel and is separated from it by a rood screen. The rood screen has a doorway opening into the choir and an opening to a pulpit, beside the south wall. There are 8 rows of pews along either side of the centre aisle of the nave, as well as two against the rood screen inside the choir. The church has many fine ornamental details, as well as profiled pillars and cross beams. The entire woodwork of the church testifies to beautiful and perfect workmanship, evolved out of necessity in a country that has always lacked timber for building purposes. Driftwood was used to build the church, as was common with most churches in Iceland. The church is surrounded by a churchyard. A bell gate west of the church stands in a square wooden fence enclosing the church. Easily perishable building materials, like turf and wood, were the basis of Icelandic building practices until the 20th century. This is one reason why few really old buildings are now found in Iceland. Generally, turf buildings were completely rebuilt or restored, and it is usually only possible to prove such operations with the help of archaeological investigations or written accounts. The tradition of building timber churches with an enclosing wall of turf and stone is only preserved in Iceland. Apart from the turf wall, these small churches have the same ground plan and similar constructional details to those we know from Medieval Norwegian stave churches. The use of turf and stone, which were the most commonly used building and insulating materials in Iceland from the earliest settlement period until around 1900, was a consequence of adaptation. Different building techniques, which the first settlers brought with them, were based on old traditions in their homeland. These were quickly modified because of the new conditions. Perhaps on account of the lack of building timber and the climatic changes during the Middle Ages, Icelanders developed building techniques where turf held a key position. The turf church is the most distinguished representative of this architecture. The turf church was a exception, in the midst of the strong tradition which prevailed regarding the building of churches in Medieval Europe. This local variant was to be found in Iceland and other parts of the North Atlantic region, and would have been unthinkable further south in Europe. The use of turf, the natural building material in Iceland, was one reason why the stylistic changes which are otherwise known from the construction of stone churches over a period of nearly 900 years, cannot be traced to the same extent in Icelandic church architecture. In the middle Ages, there were also turf churches in northern Norway, the Faeroes and Greenland. The ruins of many turf churches can still be found in northern Norway. But none have been excavated yet. The natural environment and different traditions perhaps resulted in the people of northern Norway building their churches of turf and stone, as in Iceland. The church at Viðmýri was purchased by the state of Icelandic in 1936. It is protected and maintained by the National Museum of Iceland. It is one of the Museum's collections of buildings and its Department for Protected Buildings is responsible for its preservation and upkeep. Great emphasis is placed on the church being used for services and it is still the parish church for 180 parishioners.