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Noordoostpolder (North East Polder)

Recherche avancée

Les noms des biens figurent dans la langue dans laquelle les Etats parties les ont soumis.

Pays-Bas (Europe et Amérique du nord)

Date de soumission : 26/09/1995
Critères: (i)(vi)
Catégorie : Culturel
Soumission préparée par :
Netherlands Department for Conservation
Coordonnées
Province of Flevoland Coord. 169000- 195500 / 513500- 539000
Ref.: 478

Description

New land, reclaimed from the Zuiderzee (now LIsselmocr), a former inland sea which originated in the Middle Ages. This, together with Oostelijk and Zuidelijk Flevoland of recent date - polders which were successively drained - is Flevoland, The Netherlands' new, twelfth province.

The Noordoostpolder was drained between 1937 - 1942 by means of three pumping stations (Buma (1940) near Lemmer, Vissering (1942) near Urk, Smeenge (1941) near Voorst). The former island of Urk has been included in the dike system; the former island of Schokland is now part of the southern section of the new polder land. Polder ground level: varying between minus 0.5 metres Mean Sea Level (N A.P.) in the east and minus 4.5 metres Mean Sea Level in the west (N.A.P.).

The Noordoostpolder covers approximately 48,000 hectares, 24x20 kilometres, of which 37,000 hectares was reserved for agriculture and pasture-land, 2,000 hectares for forestation (between Lemmer and Kuinre and near De Voorst), 2,300 hectares for fruit and vegetable culture (near Marknesse, Luttelgeest and Kraggenburg) and 200 hectares for bulb-growing and cultivation under glass (near Ens). A distribution plan was drawn up in 1947 for establishing approximately 1,500 farms. Standard parcel size: 24 hectares (800x300 metres) with a derivative size of business of 12, 24, 36 hectares; minimum size 12 hectares; average size 25 hectares. A typical feature is farms located in groups of 2 to 4 with windbreaks.

The polder is triangular of shape, the structure of which is extended into the star-shaped route of the canals running from the middle of the polder to the pumping stations. It can be reached from the 'old land' - the Provinces of Overijssel and Friesland - and from Flevoland via six towns (Ketelbrug, Rampspol, Vollenhove, Blokzijl, Kruinre, Lemmer).

Based on sociographical research, it was decided at the time of land settlement to establish 10 settlements, all within cycling distance of each other, counting 2,000 future residents, with Emmeloord as its capital (1941-1947 plans, Granpré Molière, Verhagen and Kok agency, later plans by Ir. J.C. Pouderoyen) around which the villages of Ens (started 1948), Marknesse (started 1943, final plan 1949), Kraggenburg (started 1948), Bant, Luttelgeest and Creil (founded 1950/1951), Tollebeek (finished 1954-1957), Espel (building started 1957) were projected. The town planning and architecture of these villages are traditional of structure ('Delft School'). The initial settlement plans were drawn up by the Granpré Molière, Verhagen and Kok agency and later detailed by Ir. P. Verhagen (1882-1950). The town planning of the village centres is typified by an intersection of roads and waterways, a through road with an open central space, a 'village green' (grass, trees, bordered by shops, public buildings, houses, opened up by a separate service road) with nonparallel walls, by scattered elements such as churches and schools which sets the scene, and by the absence of straight angles and parallel alignments. When the village of Nagele was built (1954) a group of architects ('De Acht' (The Eight) and 'De Opbouw' (The Structure)) stood out and contributed (theoretically) to the 7th CIAM (Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne) in Bergamo (1949). This group included Gerrit Rietveld, Mart Stam, Aldo van Eyck, Mien Ruys.

A cultivate on plan for the reclaime d land was drawn up in the early 1940 s , according to which the main roads (coordinate system Lemmer-Ramspol and Urk-De Voorst) as well as the ring-road connecting the villages, are planted in two rows. The general plan is that the countryside will overgrow behind the ring-road towards the IJsselmocr and that the landscape will be more open on the inner side of the ringroad.

The former island of Schokland is accentuated by a screen of trees; the island of Urk is emphasised by the afforested Urkerbos. Because of a modification of the planting plan (1960), the western part of the Noordoostpolder mainly has linear planting, while in the eastern part a gradual transition to the 'old land' has been made. At the time, planting schemes for the layout of back gardens, for corner lots, for green belts, for the choice of hedges, trees, bushes and village woods were designed for the villages, with the exception of Nagele, as well as for the farm lots. The increasing mobility is changing the infrastructure vis-à-vis the original planning. New highways, fitting in the polder plan, are being laid, existing roads are being widened and separate cycle tracks are being laid.