jump to the content

Fjord glacé d’Ilulissat

Brève description

Situé sur la côte ouest du Groenland, à 250 km au nord du cercle arctique, le fjord glacé d’Ilulissat (40 240 ha) est l’embouchure maritime de Sermeq Kujalleq, un des rares glaciers à travers lesquels la glace de l’inlandsis groenlandais atteint la mer. Sermeq Kujalleq est l’un des glaciers les plus rapides (19 m par jour) et les plus actifs du monde. Son vêlage annuel de plus de 35 km3, soit 10 % de toute la glace de vêlage (les icebergs) du Groenland, dépasse celui de tous les autres glaciers du monde en dehors de l’Antarctique. Étudié depuis plus de 250 ans, le site a permis d’enrichir notre compréhension du changement climatique et de la glaciologie de la calotte glaciaire. L’immense couche de glace associée au fracas impressionnant d’une coulée de glace rapide vêlant dans un fjord couvert d’icebergs crée un phénomène naturel spectaculaire et grandiose.

Ilulissat - Disko Bay © M & G Therin-Weise

Justification d'inscription

Critère (viii) : Le fjord glacé d’Ilulissat est un exemple exceptionnel d’une étape de l’histoire de la Terre, le dernier âge glaciaire du Quaternaire. L’icestream est un des plus rapides (19 m par jour) et des plus actifs du monde. Son vêlage annuel est de plus de 35 km3 de glace, c’est-à-dire 10% de la production de tout le vêlage de glace du Groenland, plus que n’importe quel autre glacier en dehors de l’Antarctique. Le glacier fait l’objet d’une attention scientifique depuis 250 ans et, comme il est relativement facile d’accès, a enrichi de manière significative la connaissance de la glaciologie de la calotte glaciaire, des changements climatiques et des processus géomorphologiques en rapport.

Critère (vii) : L’association d’une immense nappe de glace et d’un mouvement rapide d’icestream vêlant dans un fjord couvert d’icebergs est un phénomène que l’on ne peut observer qu’au Groenland et dans l’Antarctique. Ilulissat offre aux scientifiques et aux visiteurs un accès facile pour une observation de près du front glaciaire vêlant tandis qu’il tombe en cascade de la nappe de glace dans un fjord encombré de glaces. L’association naturelle et extrêmement spectaculaire de la roche, de la glace et de la mer, ainsi que les sons dramatiques produits par la glace en mouvement garantissent un spectacle naturel mémorable.

Description longue

[Uniquement en anglais]

Located on the west coast of Greenland, 250 km north of the Arctic Circle, Greenland's Ilulissat Icefjord (40,240 ha) is the sea mouth of Sermeq Kujalleq, one of the few glaciers through which the Greenland ice cap reaches the sea. Sermeq Kujalleq is one of the fastest (19 m per day) and most active glaciers in the world. Its annual calving is of over 35 km3 of ice, 10% of the production of all Greenland calf ice and more than any other glacier outside Antarctica. Studied for over 250 years, it has helped develop our understanding of climate change and ice-cap glaciology. The combination of a huge ice-sheet and the dramatic sounds of a fast-moving glacial ice-stream calving into a fjord covered by icebergs make for a dramatic and awe-inspiring natural phenomenon.

The flora of the area is a low-arctic type, typical of the nutrient-poor silicaceous soil which, where humid, shows solifluction an effect such as frost boils. Colonization of the margins of retreating ice also provides examples of plant succession. The main plant communities of the area are heath, fell-field, snow-patch, herb-slope, willow-scrub, fen, river-bank, seashore and aquatic.

The upwelling caused by calving icebergs brings up nutrient-rich water which supports prolific invertebrate life and attracts great numbers of fish, seals and whales that feed on the generated nutrients. 20 species of fish have been recorded in the area; the dominant species is the flatfish Greenland halibut which feeds mainly on northern shrimp and euphausid crustaceans. The halibut migrates seasonally in and out of the fjord, living both on the benthos and in the open sea. Warmer waters bring the Atlantic cod, ringed seal and Greenland shark to the area. All three species are hunted by man and feed on the halibut. Harp seals, fin and minke whales occur in summer at the fjord mouth with very occasional blue and Greenland whales. Beluga visit Disko Bugt in autumn and winter.

The seabirds are typical for the area, with numerous breeding colonies attracted by the high primary productivity of the glacier front, and by fish discarded by the local fishery. Large flocks of northern fulmar and gulls feed among the grounded icebergs. These are mainly Iceland gulls, glaucous gulls with lesser numbers of great black-backed gulls, kittiwakes and guillemots with great cormorant.

Land birds are few and also typical for the area; there are few mammals within the locality. Arctic fox is believed to be common, whereas Arctic hare occur mainly in the higher land near the inland ice. Reindeer live only to the south of the icefjord, and polar bears are very rare visitors.

Greenland has been inhabited for 4,500 years, settlers migrating from Asia via the Bering Straits and north-west Greenland in three main waves, known as the Saqqaq, Dorset and from 1000 BP, the Thule peoples. Their middens are shown in clear section at the Thule settlement of Sermermuit near Ilulissat. Norsemen inhabited south-west Greenland between AD 985 and 1450. During the 16th-18th centuries explorers followed by whalers inhabited the area. The nominated area includes the archaeologically valuable sites of Sermermuit, abandoned in 1850, and Qajaa on the south side of the fjord, abandoned earlier. The early settlers summered in tents but used stone and turf hovels in winter. The first local Danish settlement was in 1742 at Jakobshavn, now Ilulissat.

Source : UNESCO/CLT/WHC