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Nature Park "Lena Pillars"

	Russian Federation (Europe and North America)
Date of Submission:	11/07/2006
Criteria:	(vii)(x)
Category:	Natural
State, Province or Region:	Khangalassky ulus (region) of Yakutia
Coordinates:	N60 44 49 E125 00 04
Ref.:	5067

Description

In the NP "Lena Pillars" area the main landscape-environrnental factors: the geological texture and relief, the geocryological condition and climate - are characterized with the considerable heterogeneity.

The territory of the NP "Lena Pillars" is situated at the northern periclinale of the Aldan anteclises, complicated by the small- amplitude arched uplift and protrusions occupying the large areas. In the park area the sedimentary mantle is represented by unexposed upper Precambrian, exposed Cambrian and Quaternary deposits which lie flat or with hade of layers measured by minutes or rarely by the first degrees. Along the Sinyaya River the lower Cambrian deposits are exposed, and along the Lena and the Buotoma rivers the lower and middle Cambrian deposits are denuded. In the site between the Mukhata brook and the Sinaya River in the outcrops there are discontinuous dislocations without considerable shifts. The thickness of Lower Cambrian strata is 580-920 m, and the thickness of Middle-Cambrian ones - 400-450 m.

The lithogenic base of landscapes consists of the alternate horizons of rocks (limestone, marlstones, dolomites, slates) of Middle Cambrian in the eastern part of the park and of Lower Cambrian in the western part, which differs from each other by the resistance of the process of weathering. Besides in the Buotamsky part of the park there are landscapes where noncalcareous, neogenic and Jurassic rocks form the lithogenic base. The Quaternary deposits weren represented by the complex of alluvial, undivided polygenetic strata as well as by slope, eluvial and eolian deposits.

The major part of the park area is located within the stratum-denudated low plateau with absolute marks of watersheds of 200-400 m. The fluent relief of plateau discontinues in the sites of exposure of bedrock, on the valley edges. The territory of the park is located in the southwest outlying districts of the vast Central-Yakutian lowland that gradually goes from the Erge- Echite brook to divided Prilenskoe plateau. The boundary between these geomorphological structures passes through the watersheds with absolute altitudes of about 300 m.

The permafrost is widespread, and its thickness varies from 100-200 m in the rivers valleys up to 400-500 in the pre-watershed surfaces of plateau. In the pre-watershed plateau the frozen karst was developed, and in the area of deposits of ice complex -thermokarst, and on sandy terraces -interna1 erosion and eolian processes took place. Only in the middle Lena including the territory of the park one can observe the landscape of wind-drift sands-tukulanswith the elements of the cold northern desert.

The climate is sharply continental. When changing from a plateau to a lowland plain some differences in climate characteristic  re evident. In the weather stations located in the plain the average annual air temperature (-10" C) is rather lower than in the weather stations located within a plateau (-8,2" and -8,s" C). In the rivers valleys the total positive air temperatures are 1725-1 775" degree-days for a summer, and in the pre watershed surface of the plateau - 1560".

In the north-east the total rainfall is less than 300 mm, and in the south-west-over 300 mm per year. In the south-west part of the park the average perennial height of snow cover is 41- 46 cm, and in the north-east part - 32 cm.).

Soi1 cover of the Nature Park "Lena Pillars" is rather diverse. In the comparatively small area the main types of soils from yellow-pale and sod-calcareous soils up to chernozem have been revealed in Central and South Yakutia. The dependence of spatial soi1 distribution on the conditions of the relief and soil-forming rocks is well defined.

In the Nature Park "Lena Pillars" 241 species and 23 varieties of alga, belonging to 100 genera, 57 families, 23 orders, 11 classes and 7 divisions have been determined. The major part of phytoplankton consists of diatom, green and blue-green algae.

Mycobiota includes 76 species of aphyllophorous fungi from 43 genera and 1 1 families. The two species - Hericium coralloides and Grifola umbellata have been listed in the Red Data Book of RSFSR and in the new edition of the Red Data Book of RS (Ya.) (2000).

Lichenflora of the territory of the park consists of 83 species of lichens belonging to 33 genera and 13 families from 4 orders. The families Parmeliaceae (26 species) and Cladoniaceae (1 7 species), and genera Cladonia (14), Lecanora ( 3 , Melanelia (5), Peltigera ( 9 , Caloplaca (4), are predominant. The revealed lichenflora is defined as boreal.

Bryoflora of the Nature Park "Lena Pillars" includes 202 leaf mosses from 91 genera and 37 families, and there are also 34 species of liverworts from 25 genera and 17 families. It makes up about 40% of the revealed moss flora from al1 Yakutia area. There are two rare species in Yakutia, they are: Indusiella thianschanica listed in the Red Data Book of the RSFSR (1988), and Hygroamblystegium tenax - in the Red Data Book of RS (Ya) (2000).

On geobotanical zoning of Yakutia the territory of "Lena Pillars" is a part of Aldan- Lensky district of Central-Yakutian middle-taiga sub province of sub zone of middle-taiga forests. In this territory larch forests with small share of pine forests predominate. On the watersheds there are many grass and sedge meadows. In the above flood-plains and in the slopes of parent banks one can find the relict steppe sites that widely spread in the middle Lena valley. Some small areas are covered with mountainous dwarf-shrub-green-moss larch forests with a share of a spruce, a birch and epithitic plants. Here and there wind-drift sands - tukulany (nonfixed and half-fixed sands) with rare psarnrnophytic plants occur. The largest tukulan-Samys Kumahga is within the park area. On its dunes the plant cover is 30-40%, and on the tukulan adjacent to the Buotoma mouth it is only 5%. In the lower of Buotoma the abandoned arable lands overgrown with apophytes occupy the large areas. In some fallow lands there are mixed herbaceous meadows and in the other ones - only one species grows e.g. Artemisia jacutica, or Elytrigia repens. Generally these apophytes are medicinal plants. There are all necessary and favorable conditions for collection of ecologically- pure raw materials.

At present in the territory of the Nature Park "Lena Pillars" (including the Sinaya river basin) 464 species, 276 genera and 8 1 families of vascular plants have been revealed, 21 among them rare and endangered species, listed in the Red Books of the USSR, RSFSR and Yakutia.

In the park area insects are the most diverse and widespread group of animals inhabiting forests, open meadow and steppe biocenoses, and ditch and flowing water reservoirs. It is supposed that species composition of insects is not less than 2000 species.

Ichthyofauna of the park consists of 21 forms of fish, and it includes all fish species inhabiting Central-Yakutian region.

Amphibia and reptiles are represented by: Siberian salamander (Hynobius keyserlingii Dybowski) and Siberian Wood Frog (Rana amurensis Boulenger), Common Lizard (Lacerta vivipara Jacquin) and Common Adder (Vipera berus L.).

The fauna of nesting birds is represented by 99 species (that amounts approximately 80% of the fauna of nesting birds in Central Yakutia) from 12 orders: Gaviiformes-1, Ciconiiformes- 2, Anseriformes- 12, Falconiformes-9, Galliformes-4, Charadriiformes- 15, Columbiformes- 1, Cuculiformes-2, Strigiformes-5, Apodiformes-1, Piciformes-5, and Passeriformes-42. More than a half (54%) of the protected bird species of Yakutia inhabit or stop while migrating the park area. Bewick's Swan (Cygnus bewickii Yarr.), Peregrine Falcon (Falco rusticolus L.), Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus L.), White-tailed Eagle (Heliaeetus albicilla L.), Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos L.), Osprey (Pandion haliaetus L.), and Siberian Crane (Gms leucogeranus Pall.) are protected species of the World ornithofauna and have been 'listed in Supplements to the Convention of CITES. 42 mammal species inhabit the park area. As a whole the complex of mammal species represents itself as a typical fauna of the middle taiga sub zone of Paleoarctic where Sable (Martes zibellina L.), Brown Bear (ursus arctos L.), Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.), Elk (Alces alces L.), Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus Laxmann) and others are mass species. Siberian Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus L.), Northern Pika (Ochotona hyperborea Pall.), mountainforest form of Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) usually inhabit the mountain-taiga complex.Some species - Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.), Short-tailed field Vole (Microtus agrestis L.) and some species of Chiroptera and Insectivora are common to the south-taiga fauna and here there is a northern boarder of their natural habitat. In the steppe sites close to the mouth area of the Buotama one can find a Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus L.) and in the left bank area of the park - Long-tailed Souslik (Citellus undulatus Pall.). In the lakes and in the flooded sites the watermeadow species - Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica L.), Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris L.), Root Vole (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) occur. Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout) and House Mice (Mus musculus L.) are synanthropic forms.

By the area of distribution and population Large-toothed Shrew (Sorex daphaenodon Thomas), Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis Merr.), Laxmann's Shrew (Sorex caecutiens Laxmann), Narrow-skulled Vole (Microtus gregalis Pall.), Ruddy Vole (Clethrionomus rutilus Pall.), Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus Laxmann), are the most numerous species among Insectivora and small Rodentia; Daubenton's Bat (Myotis daubentoni Kuhl.), Mountain Hare (Lepus timidus L.), Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris L.), Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica L.), Largetoothed red-backed Vole (Clethrionomus rufocanus Sundervall), Root Vole (Microtus oeconomus Pall.), Water Vole (Arvicola terrestris L.), are typical species. Among Carnivores Ermine Stoat (Mustela erminea L.), Sable (Martes Zibellina L.) and Brown Bear (Ursus arctos L.) are dominant species. By the population density among Artiodactyla Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus L.), Siberian Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus L.) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) are predominant in the NP "Lena Pillars". Afier adoption of some regulations on protection the populations of Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus L.), Siberian Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus L.) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus L.) has increased in the park area.

Justification for Outstanding Universal Value

Satements of authenticity and/or integrity

The nominated territory of the Nature Park "Lena Pillars" is an integral system where natural ecosystems, numerous nature memorials and evidences of human activity since ancient times have been preserved in a good condition for quite a long time. Almost the whole territory proposed for the List is located within limits of the NP and its protected zone and that is why, on the basis of Russia and Sakha Governments' laws, it is provided with a professional protection on the part of the Park's administration and employees.

There are major conditions, on which natural memorials and ecosystems' biodiversity of the nominated territory can be preserved. They are: traditional nature exploitation and licensed exploitation of biological resources by the members of six communities of indigenous people of the North that live on the territory of the Park, although there are almost no constant settlements there.

The UNESCO world heritage status will help to strengthen the guarantees of Lena Pillars preservation and to protect from possible threats to the entity on the part of humans' economical and recreational activity.

Comparison with other similar properties

Among the analogous regions of the world, the territory of the Nature Park "Lena Pillars" is notable for the following:

- unique combination of Cambrian natural memorials with sediments of later geological epochs;

- unique frozen pale forest soils;

- unique landscape of fluttering sands - "tukulans", with some elements of a cold northern desert;

- presence of endemic, typical only for this area, plant species Redowskia Sophiifolia and a wide range of rare and vanishing plants and animals;

- rich bone fossils of mammoth fauna.

Humans developed the area of «Lena Pillars)) Park in ancient times. Primitive men hunted big herding mammals, and therefore they survived in the cold climate. Numerous evidences of their stay were found here on the ancient human sites and the peculiarities of their life and activity are reflected in rock manuscripts and paintings.