Brief Description
It represents the addition of three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning to the Ming tombs inscribed in 2000 and 2003. The Three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning Province include the Yongling Tomb, the Fuling Tomb, and the Zhaoling Tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing Dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing Dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu civilization.
It represents the addition of three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning to the Ming tombs inscribed in 2000 and 2003. The Three Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Liaoning Province include the Yongling Tomb, the Fuling Tomb, and the Zhaoling Tomb, all built in the 17th century. Constructed for the founding emperors of the Qing Dynasty and their ancestors, the tombs follow the precepts of traditional Chinese geomancy and fengshui theory. They feature rich decoration of stone statues and carvings and tiles with dragon motifs, illustrating the development of the funerary architecture of the Qing Dynasty. The three tomb complexes, and their numerous edifices, combine traditions inherited from previous dynasties and new features of Manchu civilization.
Tombes impériales des dynasties Ming et Qing
L’extension ajoute trois tombes impériales de la dynastie Qing à Liaoning aux tombes Ming inscrites en 2000 et 2003. Les trois tombes impériales de la dynastie Qing dans la province de Liaoning comprennent la tombe Yongling, la tombe Fuling et la tombe Zhaoling, toutes construites au XVIIe siècle. Erigées pour les empereurs fondateurs de la dynastie Qing et leurs ancêtres, ces tombes obéissent aux préceptes de la géomancie chinoise traditionnelle et de la théorie du fengshui. Elles offrent une riche décoration de statues en pierre, de bas-reliefs et de dalles ornées de dragons, illustrant l’évolution de l’architecture funéraire sous la dynastie Qing. Les trois complexes funéraires et leurs nombreux édifices conjuguent les traditions héritées des dynasties précédentes et les innovations de la civilisation mandchoue.
المقابر الامبراطورية لسلالتي مينغ وكينغ
تتوزّع مقابر سلاتي مينغ وكينغ على أربعة مجمّعات من المقابر في مقاطعات خمس من الصين الشرقيّة (هوباي، هاباي، حي شانغبينغ في بيجينغ، جيانغسو ولياونينغ). بُنيت هذه المقابر بحسب تعاليم ضرب الرمل الصيني، وهي برهان استثنائي على المعتقدات والتقاليد الصينيّة منذ القرن الرابع عشر كما أنّها أمثلة نفيسة عن الهندسة والفنون المطبّقة في تلك الحقبة.
Source: UNESCO/BPI
明清皇家陵寝
位于辽宁省的清朝盛京三陵建于17世纪，是继2000年和2003年列入《世界遗产名录》的明朝寝陵之后的三座清朝皇家寝陵，分别为永陵、福陵和昭陵，是开创满清皇室基业的皇帝及其祖先的陵墓。寝陵遵照中国传统的占卜和风水理论而建，饰以大量以龙为主题的石雕、雕刻和瓦片，展示了清朝墓葬建筑的发展。盛京三陵及其众多建筑将以前朝代的传统和满族文化的新特征融为一体。
Source: UNESCO/ERI
Гробницы императоров династий Мин и Цин
Императорские гробницы династий Мин и Цин – это несколько групп погребальных сооружений в разных провинциях Восточного Китая. Гробницы, созданные в соответствии с принципами «фэн-шуй», являются выдающимся свидетельством китайских верований и традиций начиная с XIV в., а также служат ярким примером архитектуры и прикладного искусства того периода. В 2004 г. в объект дополнительно вошли три захоронения династии Цин XVII в. в провинции Ляонин – Юнлин, Фулин и Чжаолин, датируемые ХVII в. Сооруженные для императоров-основателей династии Цин и их преемников, они были богато украшены каменными скульптурами и рельефами, а также изразцами с изображениями драконов, что демонстрировало развитие погребальной архитектуры династии Цин. В архитектуре многочисленных зданий этих трех комплексов объединяются традиции, унаследованные от прошлых династий, и новые черты, свойственные маньчжурской культуре.
Source: UNESCO/ERI
Tumbas imperiales de las dinastías Ming y Qing
Este sitio se ha ampliado con la adición de tres tumbas de la dinastía Qing a las sepulturas de los Ming, ya inscritas en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial en 2000 y 2003. Las tres tumbas imperiales de Yongling, Fuling y Zhaoling, ubicadas en la provincia de Liaoning, fueron construidas en el siglo XVII para albergar los despojos mortales de los miembros fundadores de la dinastía Qing y sus antepasados. Su construcción se rigió por los preceptos de la geomancia tradicional china y la teoría del diseño de los espacios vitales (fengshui). Están magníficamente ornadas con estatuas de piedra, bajorrelieves y cerámicas con motivos de dragones, que ilustran el auge de la arquitectura funeraria en la época de los Qing. En las tres tumbas, que forman verdaderos complejos arquitectónicos con sus múltiples construcciones, se mezclan los elementos tradicionales de las anteriores dinastías reinantes en China con los nuevos aportes de la civilización manchú.
Source: UNESCO/ERI
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
© Lemoncat1
Justification for Inscription
Criterion (i): The harmonious integration of remarkable architectural groups in a natural environment chosen to meet the criteria of geomancy (Fengshui) makes the Ming and Qing Imperial Tombs masterpieces of human creative genius.
Criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv): The imperial mausolea are outstanding testimony to a cultural and architectural tradition that for over five hundred years dominated this part of the world; by reason of their integration into the natural environment, they make up a unique ensemble of cultural landscapes.
Criterion (vi): The Ming and Qing Tombs are dazzling illustrations of the beliefs, world view, and geomantic theories of Fengshui prevalent in feudal China. They have served as burial edifices for illustrious personages and as the theatre for major events that have marked the history of China.
Long Description
The Ming and Qing imperial tombs are outstanding testimony to a cultural and architectural tradition that for over 500 years dominated this part of the world. By reason of their integration into the natural environment, they make up a unique ensemble of cultural landscapes.
From time immemorial, the rulers of China attached great importance to the building of imposing mausolea, reflecting not only the general belief in an afterlife but also an affirmation of authority. When the Ming dynasty came to power (1368), an overall design was adopted. This was characterized by the attempt to achieve great harmony between a natural site meeting certain precise selection criteria and a complex of buildings fulfilling codified functions. The natural site, a plain or broad valley, must offer the perspective of a mountain range to the north, against which the tombs would be built, with a lower elevation to the south. It must be framed on the east and west by chains of hills, and feature at least one waterway. In order to harmonize with the natural setting, a number of buildings are constructed along a main access road several kilometres in length, known as the Way of the Spirits, which may branch off into secondary Ways leading to other mausolea.
An entrance portico with up to five doors marks the beginning of the Way of the Spirits, which subsequently passes through or alongside a number of buildings, in particular a reception pavilion, a pavilion housing the stele of Divine Merits, stone columns and sculptures representing animals, generals and ministers, in pairs. After one or more stone bridges and a Portico of the Dragon and the Phoenix, the sacred way arrives at a complex of buildings that includes a hall of meditation flanked by side pavilions and a Memorial Tower leading to the walled tumulus under which lie the burial chambers. This cultural landscape is imbued with a form of cosmogony that invests it with sacred status.
The Xianling tombs of the Ming dynasty are situated near the town of Zhongxiang, in Hubei Province, over 1,000 km from Beijing. The first work on the mausoleum was carried out by Xing, who planned to be buried there. On genealogical grounds, he was declared Emperor posthumously in 1519. Further work was then undertaken to bring the tomb into harmony with the standards of the Ming dynasty and to create a second tumulus to house the burial chambers of his family, including the empress.
The western Qing tomb contains fourteen imperial tombs and two building complexes: the Yongfu Tibetan Buddhist temple and the temporary palace where the imperial family resided when it came to honour its ancestors. The natural setting is extremely beautiful, in large part owing to the forest of elegant centuries-old pines.
The site of eastern Qing tombs contains 15 mausolea in which 161 bodies were buried - emperors, empresses, concubines and princesses. Among them are the emperors Kangxi and Qianlong, remembered as great sovereigns who actively promoted the development of China, and the Dowager Empress Cixi, who ruled the empire through intermediaries throughout the second half of the 19th century.
Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC
Historical Description
The Qing dynasty was established in 1636 by the Manchus to designate their regime in Manchuria. The three Imperial Tombs were built in the period when their capital was in Shenyang. In 1644, the capital was transferred to Beijing and the Manchus established their dynasty for China.
The first phase of building the Yongling Tomb was in the late years of the Ming dynasty; it was used as family graveyard of Emperor Fuman. In 1636, Emperor Huangtaiji of the Qing dynasty conferred the title of Xingjing Tomb on this graveyard. In 1648, emperor Fulin conferred the posthumous title of emperor on the four ancestors and in 1651 named the mountains where the tombs are situated: the Qiyun Mountains. Fuling Tomb was first built starting from 1629 (during the reign of Tiancong in late Jin) to 1644 (reign of Emperor Shunzhi of the Qing dynasty). The site was expanded and rebuilt from 1645 (Emperor Shunzhi) to 1688.
Zhaoling Tomb was first built from 1643 to 1651. It was subject to expansion and reconstruction during the reigns from Emperor Kangxi to Emperor Qianlong, in the second half of the 18th century.
Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
